Human impact to the environment †Cuba Deforestation Issue

Introduction Deforestation is an environmental threat not even in Cuba alone but also worldwide. The effects that it causes are always in one way or another felt by the farthest of the States in the entire universe. To this effect, this paper addresses the impact of deforestation in Cuba and the solutions available to manage the impacts.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Human impact to the environment – Cuba Deforestation Issue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The political shifting dynamics of Cuba influenced the countries environmental aspects. The different political eras brought about great impacts to its natural resources. The changes in political dispensations in Cuba immensely influenced the environmental management of the natural resources throughout the Cuban development as a country. Over the three political eras, which include Neo-colonialism influenced by the United States, the Revoluti onary era followed closely by the coming of the Soviet Union communist regime, deforestation has been a major concern. Currently, the Special Period also has had great impact on the environment’s management of the natural resource. Cuba was known for its forestry cover that deteriorated with time. Forests are very essential in the regulation of the climate and maintenance of the biosphere integrity. Forests are beneficial to humans in many different ways. For instance, they are an important source of timber and food. Additionally, some of the plants found within forests have a medicinal value. They also provide good sports for recreational activities. The richness in ecosystem led to deforestation of the Cuban ecosystem. Research has shown that deforestation plays a great role in increasing anthropogenic carbon emissions. This is detrimental even to the human health in Cuba and its environs. Causes of deforestation One of the most significant aspects during the political eras in the nation that characterized the political development was the fluctuation in deforestation. Rudel (1994) notes â€Å"there is a socio-economic connection as far as deforestation is concerned. This is so because as the increase in the living standards leads to equal increase in the consumption of forest products† (p. 7). The political dispensations as well as the socio-economic structures in Cuba were always significant in the management of the Cuban environment. This, in return, led to great destructions of the forest cover.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the beginning of the 20th century, Giraldo (2007) says, â€Å"Cuba has experienced great improvement in the management of its environment demonstrating a vast improvement in the socio-economic situation of the country† (p. 98). According to Hornborg, McNeill, and Martinez-Alier (2007), t he connection between the environmental changes and the societal processes defined the political ecosystem that Cuba has gone through during the three political eras (p. 87). Cuba is among the best islands that one could ever want to live in though the Spaniard colonial landowners destroyed most of its natural resources. They burned down forests and obtained from the ashes enough fertilizer to enhance the growth of the highly lucrative coffee trees. It was later that Cuba was transformed into a land that exported the largest number of sugar, tobacco and coffee. All of which was achieved through destruction of the forests to pave way for the monoculture agricultural venture. According to the Government of Cuba, â€Å"the total forest cover fell from 89.2% in 1812 to 54% in 1900† (1993, p. 1). During the Spanish era, the forest cover fell by almost 35% due to the quest for timber. After the Spanish era, the United States took over bringing up an Amendment that ensured that they had the control over the Cuba’s natural resources. This Platt Amendment caused the most deforestation. Cuba got involved with many countries for its sustainability that saw a lot of its economy get back on track. Later, Cuba was forced into self-reliance, which translated into over-reliance on agriculture leading to further deforestation to create more room for the venture. This led to destruction of water catchment areas, soil erosions among others. The forests of Cuba under Spanish Colonization were seen as nothing more than â€Å"lumber to build sugar mills, firewood to fuel them, and sources of stunningly fertile soil† (Monzote, 2008, p. 45). Additionally, the Spaniards used the forests to build their ships and lumber destined for Spain. They had no respect for the country’s natural state. With time, the population increased and this caused the need to expand the agricultural sector to cater for foreign markets and its bloated population.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Human impact to the environment – Cuba Deforestation Issue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There was a decrease in timber production due to the increased human action to the forests. However, the increase in not only coffee but also sugar plantations helped to curb the extreme effects of deforestation in the nation. Its Impacts The Cuba’s natural conditions revived in the nineteenth century and this led to the increase of deforestation to produce more sugarcane annually. The regeneration of the forest cover accounted for around 38 percent of the sugarcane production worldwide and around 25 percent of the total sugar supply (Hagelberg Alverez, 2006, p. 24). At the beginning of the twentieth century, Cuba exhibited a significant loss of its forest cover-38 percent. It was caused by the burning down of forests that occurred during the war that broke up that time. The social an d political shift also led to deterioration of the forest ecosystem. During the Neo-Colonialism, the United States managed everything and owned everything including the waters, the fertile lands for sugar cane production among others. It was during this period that degradation and deforestation was on the highest mark. The merciless cutting down of trees to create more land for the sugar production was the benchmark in the Neo-colonial era. Additionally, exportation of wood and other forest products was very high. Moreover, charcoal, majorly used as the main source of cooking, destroyed the forests a great deal. Deforestation in Cuba went a long way and many a time, the Cubans felt the need to reverse the situation though this was not possible then. There was a lot of foreign interference that hindered enactment of any conservatory law. It was in the year 1926 that President Machado approved the Decree 495 that prohibited any clearing of high woodlands whether private or government owned. It was later enacted into law. Later on, the Revolution era brought about some equality as far as employment was concerned and improvements in education sector. The State took control over all the natural resources of the country and started saving forests and encouraging afforestation. Many policies were formed and the exportation of timber was banned.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When Castro got into power, he encouraged reforestation through construction of very many tree nurseries. However, poor education led to destruction of many seedlings. The forests cover nevertheless after training of the locals, increased by 5 percent. This increase in forest cover was because of the great management of timber harvest and reforestation. Additionally, there was introduction of protected areas of forests with establishment of the first national park. The enactment of Law 33 enhanced the conservation of the protected areas. Houck (2000) says that, â€Å"the law outlines the rational use of natural resources pertaining to sustainable forest protection activities† (p. 56). There were also establishment of legal frameworks pertaining environmental issues among which was the Law of Agrarian Reform. Additionally, there was the establishment of an advisory body called COMARNA that addressed forestry, fisheries among other areas. For every forest harvested, an equal qu antity was planted. The Special Period was majorly characterized by economic crisis that evolved by the Cuban State being dependent on itself for sustainability. During this period, there were no international ties whatsoever. This led to the nation over depending on the forests for medicine, food, water and other needs eventually leading to more devastation to the forests. Deforestation surpassed afforestation efforts for people ended up depending on charcoal fully for fuel. Even so, there was a twenty-two percent increase in forest cover. Graph 1. Forest Cover (percent) of Cuba’s Territory (World Resources Institute, 2003) Policies to manage the impact Additionally, some trees became extinct because of their over-usage like their leaves being used as fillers for pillows and mattresses and their trucks for construction of houses. Nevertheless, Cuba continued enforcing more stringent laws and policies for environmental conservation. Some Laws included the Law of the Environm ent that addressed air, water, pollution, forests among others. Another legislature was the Forestry Act that ensured that the forest cover was addressed as well as providing framework for wood species preservation. Conclusion In order to satisfy the human needs in Cuba and the world at large, modification of the forest ecosystem was done. This coupled with the political interventions led to the destruction and construction of the Cuban forests. Cuba was known for its forest cover and many people depended on the forests for sustainability including non-citizens like during the Spaniard era where a lot of timber was transported to Spain. It is clear that the population growth in the Cuban State brought about deforestation to create land for more arable farming than any other land use. However, the consequences of the farming brought about extensive deforestation and environmental damage (Williams, 2006, p. 32). Later, colonialism and neo-colonialism aggravated the situation of defore station. The situation worsened in the 1900 when the United States took ownership of the State managing everything including the people. It was until the State became sovereign managing all its resources without any interference from other countries that the forest cover got back on its feet again. Forest management cropped up even in the education curriculums resulting into reforestation and even people started living as a community. Basic needs were provided that had demanded forest clearance like provision of alternative energies led to no more charcoal burning. Other agricultural techniques that demand lesser portion of land led to the conservation of the forests. The improvement in environmental education that encouraged the central value of the forest ecosystems in Cuba, as well as the improvement in environmental law, policy-making and implementation led to sustainable forestry practices. Additionally, deforestation, as an environmental concern with global effects, talks amon g the United Nations Forum on Forests have been conducted that will ensure a common forestry law. The Law gives all the nations the freedom to maintain their forest cover and in case of a breach in the case, the Law allows punishment to the deviant nation accordingly. This will ensure that the countries that have great forest conservation techniques maintain the spirit because of their independence from political and social interference. References Giraldo, G. (2007). Cuba Rising in Major UN Indices. Medical Education Cooperation  with Cuba Review, 6(2), 62-100. Government of Cuba. (1993). Cuba: National Systems of Protected Area. Document:  Information on Environmental Protection and Development Cuba, 10(1), 1-8. Hagelberg, G. B., Alvarez, J. (2006). Historical Overview of Cuba’s Costs of Sugar Production: Implications for the Future. University of Florida: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Hornborg, A., McNeill, J. R., Martinez-Alier, J. (2007). Rethinking Environmental  History: World-System History and Global Environmental Change. United Kingdom: Altamira Press. Houck, O.A. (2000). Environment Law in Cuba. Land Use and Environmental Law, 16(1), 1-82. Monzote, R. F. (2008). From Rainforest to Cane Field in Cuba: An Environmental History since 1492. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. Rudel, T. (1994). Economics of Climate Change: The Contribution of Forestry Projects. Washington DC: Springer Publishing. Williams, M. (2006). Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. World Resources Institute. (2003). Forests, Grasslands, and Dry lands- Cuba. London: Oxford University Press. This research paper on Human impact to the environment – Cuba Deforestation Issue was written and submitted by user Charity Beasley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Directors Fiduciary Duties (Singaporean Companies Act)

) I. Introduction A corporate body can only act by agents, and it is of course the duty of those agents to act to the best of their abilities to promote the interests of the corporation for whom they are working. Such agents have duties to discharge of a fiduciary nature towards their principal. Fiduciary duties arise due to the nature of trust and confidence between the parties. These duties are designed to make sure that directors do not deviate from their task. Whatever the direc-tor ought to be doing, he has to stick loyally to his duty. Whether the application of s. 391 to a director who has been in breach of his fiduciary duties is ex-cluded by definition, depends on how the terms of â€Å"having acted honestly and reasonably† have to be understood in context of the fiduciary duties as well as in context of s .391. II. Fiduciary duties – the general principle 157 (1) implies that â€Å"a director shall at all times act honestly and use reasonable diligence in the dis-charge of the duties of his office†. It is settled law that this duty to act honestly includes the duty to act in the best interest of the company. A director must not place himself in a position where his duty and interest conflict; nor must he use the powers and assets entrusted to him for improper purposes . To be able to examine if the application of s. 391 is excluded concerning a breach of fiduciary duties, the scope of these duties, as well as the interpretation of the terms within the principles, must be laid down. (1) Duty to act in the company’s interests â€Å"To ‘act honestly’ refers to acting bona fide in the interests of the company in the performance of the functions attaching to the office of ... Free Essays on Directors' Fiduciary Duties (Singaporean Companies Act) Free Essays on Directors' Fiduciary Duties (Singaporean Companies Act) Question: "Section 391 of the Companies Act should not be applied to a director who has been in breach of his fiduciary duties because by definition such a director cannot be said to have acted "honestly and reasonably." Discuss. (2000 words) I. Introduction A corporate body can only act by agents, and it is of course the duty of those agents to act to the best of their abilities to promote the interests of the corporation for whom they are working. Such agents have duties to discharge of a fiduciary nature towards their principal. Fiduciary duties arise due to the nature of trust and confidence between the parties. These duties are designed to make sure that directors do not deviate from their task. Whatever the direc-tor ought to be doing, he has to stick loyally to his duty. Whether the application of s. 391 to a director who has been in breach of his fiduciary duties is ex-cluded by definition, depends on how the terms of â€Å"having acted honestly and reasonably† have to be understood in context of the fiduciary duties as well as in context of s .391. II. Fiduciary duties – the general principle 157 (1) implies that â€Å"a director shall at all times act honestly and use reasonable diligence in the dis-charge of the duties of his office†. It is settled law that this duty to act honestly includes the duty to act in the best interest of the company. A director must not place himself in a position where his duty and interest conflict; nor must he use the powers and assets entrusted to him for improper purposes . To be able to examine if the application of s. 391 is excluded concerning a breach of fiduciary duties, the scope of these duties, as well as the interpretation of the terms within the principles, must be laid down. (1) Duty to act in the company’s interests â€Å"To ‘act honestly’ refers to acting bona fide in the interests of the company in the performance of the functions attaching to the office of ...

Music for the Stage (Wagner-Die Walkre) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Music for the Stage (Wagner-Die Walkre) - Essay Example Every author who have studied this work have noticed the rpesence of a number of leitmotifs which are short, melodious and harmonic in general through which the work gains its expressiveness and dramatic form. (Richard Wagner website, http://www.trell.org/wagner/motifs.html). Though Wagner had never used the word leitmotif, his critics had been somewhat paranoid in attributing a number of leitmotifs distributed in the entire stretch of this work. Wagner had called them ‘melodic moments’ and described them as created â€Å" by the orchestra into a kind of guides-to-feeling through the whole labyrinthine building of the drama† (Richard Wagner website, http://www.trell.org/wagner/motifs.html). He (Richard Wagner website, http://www.trell.org/wagner/motifs.html) also has added that, â€Å"at their(melodious moments) hand, we become the fellow-knowers of the proufoundest secret of the poet’s aim, the immediate partners of its realisement.† Apart from â₠¬Å"communicating the emotional nuances†, leitmotifs in Die Walkure are also perceived by critics as â€Å"the building blocks of a symphonic composition† (Richard Wagner website, http://www.trell.org/wagner/motifs.html).

Broke back Mountain and Titanic Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Broke back Mountain and Titanic - Movie Review Example "A woman's heart is a deep ocean of secrets. But you know there was a man named Jack Dawson, and that he saved me in every way that a person can be saved. I don't even have a picture of him. He exists now only in my memory." Being one of the highest grossing romantic dramas of all time both movies sparked a lot of controversy yet people took the time to watch them at least out of curiosity for the way they were marketed. For Broke back Mountain the media critics could not agree whether its lead characters were actually Gay bisexual, heterosexual,because the movie was marketed as a "Gay Cowboy Movie.The movie involves the love affair between two cowboys who meet one summer on the same job at Brokeback Mountain and slowly their companionship turns into a sexual and emotional romantic saga .Like all great love stories the protagonists are separated by changing circumstances.However this separation is not as dramatic as Titanic which hinges on a tragedy.Titanic and Brokeback mountain have been rumoured to have similar posters,i.e. in the positive of "star crossed" lovers.However Brokeback mountain was a comparatively low budget movie and spoke of the reality.It was the silent sigh of many bisexual/Gay persons in the 1960's or even later who had not yet earned the social or legal freedom to live together as partners and the movie shows how they try to make their love survive by hiding it from social norm s.Titanic was the story of two heterosexual lovers whose love blossoms in secret during their voyage on Titanic.They face a lot of social opposition and ultimately when disaster strikes the hero dies a tragic death leaving the heroine in shock as she decides that her "heart will go on"(the theme of the popular Celine Dion song).Both movies contain powerful symbols of love.In Titanic's case it is the necklace "Heart of the Ocean" and the nude picture of Kate Winslet which Leonardo De Caprio sketches as a symbol of his love.In Brokeback Mountain it is the bloodied shirts of both lovers which have been tainted after their lovers spat which ends up in them both getting injured badly.Heath discovers their existence in the end after the heart rending death of Jake Gyllenhal ,when he goes to meet his parents. Both these movies are great as they show that love knows no boundaries of race or gender , but sometimes cannot survive societal disapproval.Both are portrayals of tragedies in a time when people were judged by their wealth and social status.Gay couples were unheard of and people rarely married out of their economic classes.The characters in these movies brave all these circumstances and still lose their soul mates to fate.Both movies leave the audience very emotionally charged and thoughtful. References 1. Wikipedia.com 2. "Titanic voted 'best' film ending", BBC News, 2003-10-15. Retrieved on 2007-06-15. 3. "Titanic sinks in worst film poll", BBC News, 2003-11-05. Retrieved on 20

What are three reasons why students fail university-level classes 3 Essay

What are three reasons why students fail university-level classes 3 reasons why they pass - Essay Example If they love their course enough, they will study that hard, or even discover more things in order for them to learn more. This means learning must have become the primary concern for them. Students who aim for higher learning are making it good especially in their class performance (Hunt 83). Second, those students who pass university classes are setting for themselves vital goals for them to achieve. This means that it will be harder for them to be involved in some sort of distractions, as going to school and learning things have become their primary considerations why they are in school in the first place. Another potential reason why students pass university classes is because they have the specific level of intelligence required to understand and pass the course. With this in mind, they will be able to pass exams, actively participate and be involved in class discussions and so

Unethical Advertisement in the philippines

Unethical Advertisement in the philippines From this phenomenon, advertisers seize the opportunity to maximize its profit, thus increasing competition in finding ways to captivate the attention of millions of potential consumers to buy their products. This competitive environment pressures advertisers to go beyond the tradition and find new ways to mesmerize the potential consumers. Most of the time, advertisers would sacrifice ethics along the way just to reach their goal in persuading people to buy their products. Even big companies like McDonalds are guilty of this. McDonalds would lure kids to buy their unhealthy meal of hamburgers and soft drinks by giving away free toys when kids purchase a whole meal. Advertisement like these, which crosses the boundaries of ethics, is against consumers right. Unfortunately, here in the Philippines, most consumers are not aware of their right. Unlike in America and other liberal countries where even the colossal corporations are not spared from their unjust advertisements, most Filipino consumers tend to see these unjust advertisements as a part of promotions like there is nothing wrong with seeing women posing sexually just to promote a jewelry, women and men wearing underwear only, products promising an exaggerated truth like a 360 degree damage control hair with in 7 days or even asking influential imaged celebrities to promote alcohol. Maybe the consumers are oblivious to the ethics of advertising because of the majority of the Filipino consumers cannot differentiate ethical from unethical advertisement. This research paper will hope to elucidate on the unethical advertising and the status of the consumers against such ads. It will first define the characteristics of advertising and ethics. Then proceed to the ethical boundaries advertisers cross. To support the suppositions of the research, there are statistical figures that would showcase the opinions and stands of Metro Manila Filipino consumers on the dilemma of unethical advertising. In this paper, the most observed unethical factors in the Philippines which majority, if not all, advertisements violate one way or the other is claiming unrealistic promises, using of psychological impact on potential consumers or promoting of harmful products. Advertising in its simplest characteristic is a medium of communication use to inform consumers about a product. Advertisers, agencies, the media and audiences are all part of a larger environment, influencing and being influenced by a network of forces that includes the economy, government, interest groups and society at large (Arens, 2004, p. 55). The general atmosphere created by these external elements is the advertising environment. This environment is a complex and ever-changing dynamo (OGuinn, Allen, Semenik, 2005, p. 125). It has developed from simple statements, in the start of advertising existence, to a multibillion-dollar, global industry. The growth of these industries leads to the increase of consumerism which is one factor of the development of advertising environment. The more products that are available dictate a greater need for the diversity of these products to be known, thus steps in the communication device known as advertising and the advertising practitioner (Spence, Heekeren, 2005, p. 17). This is the importance of advertising. It is the purpose of the advertiser to communicate to the consumer that a particular brand or product is the most worthy of purchase and use (Bovee, 1995). Therefore, the pressure given to the advertisers by the company is enormous. For the positive outlook, this intense pressure for the income of the advertisers brings forth creativity in capturing the interest of consumers. At its worst, it leads to advertising campaigns that not only push the boundaries of societal acceptance but also go beyond acceptable norms, thus creating ethical problems and dilemmas. These ethical dilemmas differ in every place. This is because of the vast interpretation on what ethics is. Ethics can be simply defined as a set of prescriptive rules, principles, values, and virtues of character that inform and guide interpersonal and intrapersonal conduct; that are the conduct of people toward each other and the conduct of people toward themselves (Spence, Heekeren, 2005, p. 2). If this definition taken into consideration, ethics therefore differ from the reasoning of each individual. When the common reasoning of each individual is combined, universally accepted ethical rules and principles are applied by the majority (Jhally, 1990). This is also known as the codes of ethics. The codes of ethics would help in determining if the advertisement would be considered Unethical advertising is a serious issue especially here in Metro Manila because consumers are exposed approximately more than a hundred ads a day through different medium available. In addition, most Metr o Manila consumers barely have a clue on unethical advertising. Therefore allowing such unprincipled acts of advertisers to continue that could eventually harm the society. After all, it has already been mentioned that advertising does have the power to influence each individuals decision and lifestyle and thus the whole society itself. Parent with at least one kid who is not yet of legal age In dissecting further, figure 1.1 exhibits the different segments of Metro Manila consumer awareness on unethical advertising. As shown in the figure above, only 5% of the highschool students and college students know nothing about unethical advertising. Meanwhile, 50 % and more of the single working consumer and the parent consumer recognize unethical advertising. Therefore, it could be said that teenagers below 18 years are still partly innoncent when it comes to unethical advertising. As well as, more than 50% of the population barely knows the essence of unethical advertising. The awareness rate mentioned above is not a good start for consumerism. It is the right of the consumers to be given correct, clear and reliable information (Bovee, Arens, 1986, p. 63). But without the consumers awareness of its right, advertisers can get away with most of the ethical dilemma. The ethical dilemma with commercial advertising of the consumers right to information, is that the persuasion, under the disguise of information, which not only deceptive, in addition, it can have harmful consequences both for the targeted consumers as well as for the community (Spence, Heekeren, 2005). Especially after the expansion of media, targeted consumers as well as the whole community are frequently exposed to advertisements which intensify the probability of the occurrence of the harmful consequences. Unfortunately, an ordinary consumers cannot avoid being exploited to at least a thousand ads per day (Jones, 2000). Portrayed in the figure 2.1, is the opinion of Metro Manila consumers in the array of advertisements they are exposed to everyday. As, visualized in the graph, the color violet representing 150-200 array and the color tortoise representing 200 onwards array has a total of 3 out of 56 participants enlisted in that cluster. While most of the consumer categories have colors red representing 50 -100 array and green representing 100-150 array, which sums up to a total of 41 out of 56 participants claiming to have exposed around 50-150 ads everyday to most of the individual with no discrimination. Insofar, the figure shows that the majority of the consumers assume they are exposed to at least 50 advertisements per day. A range tremendously lower than Jones (2000) claim of consumers exposure to a thousand advertisements. The cause of such claim that most consumers are exposed to a high number of advertisements is advertisers are very skillful in creating advertisements that will be in plain sight of the consumers in their everyday hassle in life, to give it an unavoidable characteristic. Consumers are so well-researched and targeted that they can be covertly seduced by a strategy that surrounds them and that infiltrates their physical and mental space, often without their realization (OGuinn, Allen, Semenik, 2005, p. 88). Hence, most Metro Manila consumers lose track of the number of advertisements they are exposed to, believing its less than 200 and not otherwise. Thus, an ordinary individual is bombarded with more artistic communication than they can handle and most of the time without their knowledge. This frequency of artistic communication existing creates a clutter which is a barrier to effective communication (Parker, 2006, p. 44). This is the reason why advertisers think outside of the box for a breakthrough possibility. In order to stay competitive in this cluttered media landscape, the architects of advertising need to be creating advertising that does not look, feel, smell or taste like the generic advertising that the new media-savvy and sophisticated consumers have become used to (Spence, Heekeren, 2005, p. 17). To achieve that goal, advertisers try to find effective channels of communication. From traditional channels of TV, radio, posters and newspapers, advertisers embrace the new medium of communication, technologies such as internet and other digital media. Although being in the third world country like Philippines, the tradi tional medium is still thriving. Represented in figure 3.1, Metro Manila consumers are exposed to different types of advertising medium frequently. As interpreted by the graph, the predominant medium that most Metro Manila consumers are exposed to is TV leading by 9 marks against billboard the 2nd dominant advertising medium. Notice that through out the different categories of consumers printed ads like posters, flyers and brochures are low. It might also the factor that billboards and TV are almost unavoidable compared to brochures and flyers. So this shows that traditional advertising communication like TV in the Philippines is still a fad. Though, new approaches like online advertisements are still progressing. These three figures that were just shown exhibit the demographics of the Metro Manila consumers in relation to advertising and its ethics. With the results shown Metro Manila consumers need some consumer rights educational background to help understand what the advertisers are getting away with. Out of the two-digit estimate of ethical issues the advertisers face, three commonly violated are unrealistic promises, use of psychological impact and promotion of harmful product (Spence, Heekeren, 2005). These ethical issues are evident almost everywhere, including the Philippines. After all, advertising addresses people primarily as consumers creating a similar advertising environment almost everywhere (Schultz, 1990, p. 28). The first and most obvious unethical line most advertisers cross without second thoughts is claiming unrealistic promises. One of the most common short-term arguments about advertising is that it is so frequently deceptive. For advertising to be effective, consumers must have confidence in it. So any kind of deception not only detracts from the complete information principle of free enterprise but also risks being self-defeating (Bovee, Arens, 1986, p. 68). A most common example seen by the majority is whitening cream; Use this product and get whiter skin in just 7 days! This whitening cream advertisement gave a promise of whiter skin in just 7 days without genuine evidence of its claim. This kind of deception may profit business firms in the short-term but create a greater harm in the long-run (Lane, Russell, 2001). For the short-term, consumers will purchase the product, but once they figured it is ineffective the purchasing will stop and the sales will go down. Advertisement does not have to be literally true, but an advertisement that is designed to deceive or mislead a consumer is a different matter (Belch, Belch, 2007, p. 224). This is the situation in which the use of puffery in advertising comes under inquiry. Puffery, which is a common practice in advertising, is not considered illegal in most countries even here in the Philippines. This is because puffery is an expression of opinion not made as a representation of a fact (Bovee, Arens, 1986, p. 57). It is the key reason why consumers have the expectation that advertising will stretch the truth rather than express the truth. Shown in figure 4.1 is the perspective of Metro Manila consumers on the categories of unethical advertising. As measured in the graph above, advertising on harmful product and exaggerated truths are ranked 1st and 2nd place as the most viewed unethical category in advertising. From a total of 56 consumers who answered the survey, 55 considered exaggerated truths as unethical and 49 considered ads on harmful products are unethical. Confirming, that most consumers, even in Metro Manila, does have the expectation that advertising will stretch the truth rather than express the truth. A dilemma such as this exists because of no legally backing against it. Stated in The Law on Obligations and Contracts under Title 2 Contracts, Chapter 2 Essential Requisites of Contracts, Section 1 Consent, Article 1340, is The usual exaggerations in trade, when the other party had an opportunity to know the facts are not in themselves fraudulent (De Leon, 2003, p. 128). Explained by De Leon (2003), it is the natural tendency for advertisers to resort to exaggerations in their attempt to make a reasonable profit of the business firm. Customers are expected to know how to take care of their concerns and to rely own independent judgment. Anyone who relies on said exaggerations does so at his own risk. So in essence, the notion of puffery refers to exaggerated claims, comments, commendations, or hyperbole for consumers to based on their own subjective views and opinions. It is generally considered to be part of the artfulness and playfulness of advertising and should not be taken serio usly by reasonably consumers (Jones, 2000, p.86). For the second ethical issue the advertisers trespass is playing mind games with the target consumers by using psychological impact on them. It has already been established that the role of advertising is to creatively show potential consumer products or services in a way that persuades them to buy or at least feel positive towards those products or services. Advertising also often seeks to persuade primarily by an appeal to sentiment rather by an appeal to intellect (Schultz, 1990, p.32). Some examples are advertisements that associate products with feelings of well-being, fun, humor, freedom, romance, glamour loved ones and such. Gigantic industries like Coca-cola, Pepsi and McDonalds could be observed using such types of ads internationally. Even though these advertisements are said to appeal the consumers intellectually and emotionally, advertising cannot create primary demand in mature product categories (OGuinn, Allen, Semenik, 2005, p. 125). This theory is also agreed upon by the Metro Manila consumers in their survey. *5 being the highest Figure 5.1 has a graph about the belief of Metro Manila consumers on how advertisements influence their decisions. As proven in the figure, there are more than 50% of the participants in the high-school category who answered 4 and 3 compared to the other categories where at least 50% of their participants answered 2 and 1. This could mean that younger participants are more influenced to ads compared to adults. Therefore advertisements appealing to intellectual are effective especially to the innocent consumers. So, in those cases, the ads are not intended as true representations of reality or as narratives that correspond to the truth, but rather as rhetorical and metaphorical evocations that are designed to appeal to the consumers emotions and aspirations for the purpose of creating positive and alluring images for the products in the minds of the consumers (Lane, Russell, 2001, p. 91). Therefore, truth could be simply not relevant in advertisements. Seventy-four percent of American consumers either strongly or somewhat strongly believe that most advertisements deliberately stretch the truth about the products they advertise, claims Jhally (1990, p. 103). This statistics would not really surprise most consumers, since advertising is a form communication that does its best to stretch the truth in order to create some profit. As communication genre, it wants you to believe and dispel belief in the same breath (Burton, Purvis, 1991, p. 23). The last line advertisers cross to earn millions, is accepting assignments in which harmful products are to be advertised. In particular, advertising for alcohol and tobacco products have been a controversy in most countries claiming to encourage consumers to use unhealthy products. Some countries, such as Canada, Finland and Philippines, have completely banned cigarette companies from advertising their product. While other countries, such as United States and Australia are very successful in anti smoking campaigns in which cigarette advertising is not entirely banned but all public places are banned from smoking (Arens, 2004). The government does possess the right to intercede, when it believes it needs to, in order to restore a health environment for the majority. In most advertising environments, administrators have embraced what they label a self-regulatory model, in effect establishing a situation in which the industry or profession is doing the regulating with varying degrees o f contribution from other stakeholders, including the government (Burton, Purvis,1991, p. 12). In the Philippines, the government, employing Burton, Purvis self-regulatory model, utilized its power in banning cigarette advertisements. Such action is required by the government, the reduction if not absolute elimination, for the benefit of the majority in the society. Exhibited in figure 6.1 are the responses Metro Manila consumers on government banning cigarette companies to advertise. As, portrayed above, around 55% do agree that cigarette companies should be banned in advertising. While around 5% disagree with the majority. The irony is in figure 4.1 49 out of 56 believes that it is unethical for advertisers to advertise harmful products while in this figure only 32 out of 56 believes that cigarette ads should be banned. Advertisements such as these should be effectively self-regulated. Effective self-regulation calls for the development of a commitment to the wider community, no just to a business firms consumers. In this regard, a process of consultation between industry, consumers and government is established as each has a role to play to make the system work (Belch, Belch, 2007, p. 89). Government offers a public policy perspective, whereas business firms offer the alternative view to a regulatory environment (Burton, Purvis,1991). Consumers input are just as important in order to maintain relevance and confidence in the system. Especially now, where the advertising industry gets intense in competing for consumers limited resource of time by seizing their attention to withhold interest in the advertised product, ignoring the moral obligation they have as advertisers to the consumers. Therefore, in this immense competition there is a chance that most, if not all, advertisements have already cro ss the border of ethics. This research paper has discussed on unethical advertising in the Philippines. Unfortunately, in-depth discussion on the Filipino consumers perspective on ethics, advertising strategies and theories practiced in the Philippines and rules and issues of unethical advertising present in the Philippines has not been fulfilled. This is because of the very few past researches done in this topic. The lack of sources on Filipino consumers perspective of ethics gave need of conducting surveys, which results are shown in the figures presented in this paper. However, the sampled used in the survey is not big enough giving a possibility on a significant error percentage. In addition, the survey has not been conducted throughout Metro Manila, the heart of Philippines commerce, but just a part of Metro Manila. So the survey reference is not enough for more in-depth discussion on the issues where the line of ethics would be drawn for Filipino consumers. For the advertising strategies conducted, theories practiced, rules implemented and issues seen on unethical advertising in the Philippines discussed in this paper, the references used were written by foreign authors with a very credible background. They wrote regarding on advertising theories, examples, issues and ideals based on the western countries. Regrettable, most of the authors have not conducted researches on the advertising scenario in the Philippines. Although, some theories are applicable everywhere, the culture and economic position of the Philippines is really different from the western. This research paper selected references consisting of theories applicable ubiquitously so that it could be used to study unethical advertising in the Philippines. Furthermore, the time allotted for this research paper was very limited for a more extensive research. With a two month time allotment, not all useful resources were gathered. Resources were limited to the books available at the university library. Likewise, the time allotted for the survey was approximately two days. Consequently, not much respondents were sought in a very short period, sacrificing the accuracy of the results. The recommendation to improve the credibility of the research paper due to lack of written resources is interviewing credible persons. A well-renowned Filipino anthropologist may give answers on the culture of ethics in the Philippines. Another recommended interviewee are marketing or advertising managers, because they have put into practice the theories and understood which one is applicable in the Philippines. Although, there is lacking written resources about unethical advertising, written resources should not be entirely forgone. Resources such as Advertising Ethics by Spence, E., Heekeren, B. V. and International advertising: Realities and myths by Jones, J. P. , are needed for conducting this study. These resources would greatly help in building the foundation for this research. With the interview and written resources, the survey should also be a part of the research. This research method would gather information from the individual directly involve in the research at hand. It would be best if more time is allotted here, to disperse the survey form different parts of the Philippines or at least the Metro Manila and to increase the number of respondents for lower statistical percentage error of the survey. Over all, the existence of unethical advertising is evident everywhere even here in the Philippines. It is evidently seen in the unrealistic promises made by business firm to promote sales. Even harmful products are being advertised without shame just to profit. The advertisers are also becoming masters in playing with the minds of their potential consumers. This psychological impact on consumers particularly on children is shamelessly used even by big companies like McDonalds. Consumers at the very least should be aware of these unethical strategies.

Analysis of Neil Perry :: essay papers

Analysis of Neil Perry "Carpe diem boys, seize the day!" Robin Williams' character exclaims in the film "Dead Poets Society". Williams portrays passionate English professor John Keating, whose lessons go far beyond the classroom. Keating teaches his students to follow their own hearts and minds instead of the conformist ideals taught at their strict boarding school. Several of Keating's students take his lessons to heart and resurrect the Dead Poets Society, a secret club that meets late at night to read and discuss poetry. "Carpe Diem", the theme of the movie, soon becomes a popular maxim on campus, and the students start applying it to their every day lives. Charlie changes his name to Nuwanda and risks expulsion repeatedly. Knox finds the girl of his dreams and tries to woo for from her boyfriend. Todd is extremely shy, but tries to come out of his shell. Then there is Neil, who decides to play the part of Puck in "A Midsummer Night's Dream"-against the wishes of his father, who ta! kes this theme to heart and the effect it had on his life ultimately cost him his life. Neil is a non-conformist. He does not want anything to do with the plans his father has set forth for him, which is to become a doctor. Instead, Neil wants to be his own person and wants to do what he wants. Reluctantly, though, he follows his father's wishes. He is afraid to stand up to his father and take control of his own life. For example, Neil quits the school annual, something Neil wanted to do just because his father told him so. As the movie goes on, Neil starts to take control of his life, with the help of his English professor John Keating, who imbeds the phrase "Carpe Diem" into the minds of his students. Neil decides to audition for the play "A Midsummer Night's Dream". Neil receives the part as Puck, one of the main characters. Neil finally feels he is taking control of his own life. He decides he wants to be an actor. A day before the play was to open, Neil's father comes to visit him. Mr. Perry tells Neil to quit the play and concentrate on his studies. Neil tries to talk to his father but with no avail. Neil does the play any way, but is caught by hid father, to tell Neil he is off to military school. Neil fed up with his father controlling his life, commits Analysis of Neil Perry :: essay papers Analysis of Neil Perry "Carpe diem boys, seize the day!" Robin Williams' character exclaims in the film "Dead Poets Society". Williams portrays passionate English professor John Keating, whose lessons go far beyond the classroom. Keating teaches his students to follow their own hearts and minds instead of the conformist ideals taught at their strict boarding school. Several of Keating's students take his lessons to heart and resurrect the Dead Poets Society, a secret club that meets late at night to read and discuss poetry. "Carpe Diem", the theme of the movie, soon becomes a popular maxim on campus, and the students start applying it to their every day lives. Charlie changes his name to Nuwanda and risks expulsion repeatedly. Knox finds the girl of his dreams and tries to woo for from her boyfriend. Todd is extremely shy, but tries to come out of his shell. Then there is Neil, who decides to play the part of Puck in "A Midsummer Night's Dream"-against the wishes of his father, who ta! kes this theme to heart and the effect it had on his life ultimately cost him his life. Neil is a non-conformist. He does not want anything to do with the plans his father has set forth for him, which is to become a doctor. Instead, Neil wants to be his own person and wants to do what he wants. Reluctantly, though, he follows his father's wishes. He is afraid to stand up to his father and take control of his own life. For example, Neil quits the school annual, something Neil wanted to do just because his father told him so. As the movie goes on, Neil starts to take control of his life, with the help of his English professor John Keating, who imbeds the phrase "Carpe Diem" into the minds of his students. Neil decides to audition for the play "A Midsummer Night's Dream". Neil receives the part as Puck, one of the main characters. Neil finally feels he is taking control of his own life. He decides he wants to be an actor. A day before the play was to open, Neil's father comes to visit him. Mr. Perry tells Neil to quit the play and concentrate on his studies. Neil tries to talk to his father but with no avail. Neil does the play any way, but is caught by hid father, to tell Neil he is off to military school. Neil fed up with his father controlling his life, commits

Internship Experience

Health Care Management Internship Experience Labovitz School of Business and Economics University of Minnesota Duluth Description of the Program The purpose of the internship program is to provide juniors and seniors with an opportunity to enhance and apply what they learn in their academic program while working in a health service organization. Students are pursuing a degree in business administration and are majoring in health care management.Those that enroll in the Labovitz School of Business and Economics (LSBE) Health Care Management Internship Program will need to accumulate a minimum of 200 hours of work experience over the course of an academic semester or during the summer. The intent of the program is to provide relevant organizational experience to students who otherwise would not have the opportunity to work before completing a degree. Employers are encouraged to participate in the cooperative education internship program.The basic requirements include a clear agreement regarding program requirements, the type of experience being provided, and a line of communication between the student’s mentor/supervisor and the faculty advisor. Internship Objectives The Health Care Management Internship Program enables students to gain added knowledge and skills through structured work experience. Opportunities are available to the student through an internship that cannot be achieved in the classroom. The primary goal of this endeavor is student learning.The specific objectives are to enable students to learn more about health care management; inform the health care community of student abilities and career preparation; give students the opportunity to develop a sense of responsibility for their continued learning by working independently and collaboratively within the parameters of an internship experience; familiarize students with the experiences related to the process of seeking employment; and strengthen ties between LSBE and the health care communi ty by seeking advice from health care leaders concerning curriculum planning, tudent recruitment, and graduate placement. The internship should be designed to provide the student a hands-on experience in a health service organization. It should provide a first hand look at day-to-day operations of a facility and provide the student an opportunity to observe and assist employees in various departments, if possible. It should provide the student an opportunity to observe and be actively involved in management activities using basic management skills of communication, problem solving, management of relationships, and analysis of information. Roles and Responsibilities of the PartiesEmployers of student interns are an integral part of the work experience program. It is important that employers understand that the internship is an educational program integrated with practical work experience. This requires the employer to give careful thought to the utilization of students who will be em ployed. During the internship the student is not a volunteer or an additional staff member but a trainee working to fulfill his/her learning needs in as active a manner as possible with the capability to make positive contributions to the achievement of organizational goals.The following items are basic responsibilities of the employer, mentor, faculty advisor, and student. Employer: 1. Interview students who apply for an internship with your organization to provide them with the added benefit of going through an interview and to help you decide which student best meets your employment needs. 2. Review and discuss student learning objectives during the interview or at the start of the internship, in order to identify means by which they will be accomplished during the employment period. 3.Plan work assignments progressively so that the student will advance from routine activities at the beginning of the internship to more job variety and complexity as needed knowledge and skills are gained. 4. Evaluate student work performance. As a role model and supervisor of students, employers are in a position to provide interns a thorough performance evaluation. The LSBE Internship Office will provide evaluation forms; or you may want to use your organization’s standard appraisal form to assess the intern’s performance and provide feedback. . Provide liability coverage for student intern. The University of Minnesota Duluth Worker’s Compensation and Liability coverage does not extend to student interns. Employers may be concerned about injuries to students on-the-job or problems that could arise due to student inexperience. We recommend that concerns of this nature be addressed to your legal counsel. Your existing worker’s compensation covers paid employees and could possibly be extended to volunteers for a nominal fee if this work arrangement is established. 6.Abide by the University of Minnesota employment policies regarding the treatment of employees, including prevention of sexual harassment in the work place. Detailed descriptions of these policies can be found in the UMD Employer Handbook. 7. Contact Jennifer Schultz, Director of the Health Care Management Program, at 218-726-6695 should problems arise. Mentor/Supervisor: 1. Serve as a model, coach, mentor, and tutor to the student. 2. Assist the student in identification of learning outcomes and activities to achieve them. 3.Assign the student specific and significant duties and projects that contribute to the student’s education but are also beneficial to the operations of the organization. 4. Ensure that opportunity is provided to permit the student to achieve agreed upon learning outcomes within the allotted time. 5. Observe and/or obtain observations of the student’s interactions and work within the organization and provide feedback. 6. Share information and thought processes with the student to provide as much insight as possible into successful approaches to management responsibilities. 7.Provide the student orientation concerning policies, rules and regulations. 8. Provide a concluding evaluation of the student’s performance during the internship upon completion in a manner which will encourage the student to grow in his/her administrative skills. 9. Report misconduct on the part of the student immediately to the faculty advisor and work with the faculty advisor to determine appropriate action to rectify problems or conclude the internship experience at the organization. Faculty advisor: 1. Provide the student and mentor information concerning institutional policies governing internship experiences. . Provide the mentor with written guidelines concerning the content and conduct of the internship and such additional advice and consultation as may be necessary or requested to ensure a satisfactory learning experience for the student. 3. Provide instruction to the mentor concerning learning objectives for a successful internship and procedures to follow to structure and supervise a successful internship. 4. Take action to withdraw a student whose conduct violates organizational rules or who proves not to benefit from the learning experiences provided by the organization. 5.Maintain contact with the student and mentor during the internship to ensure that objectives are being met and that problems are dealt with in a timely manner. At least one on-site visit will be performed. 6. Ensure that all internships are initiated with a signed learning agreement approved by the student, mentor and faculty advisor. 7. Review student’s journal, final written report, and performance evaluations. Student: 1. Apply for academic credit through college registration and work with a faculty advisor for placement with a mentor. 2. Learn and abide by organizational standards as applied to personnel, e. . follow facility hours and dress code policies, etc. 3. Take as active a role as possible in the operations of the organization, performing actual duties within the department as permitted by staff to learn first-hand the activities and their contribution to the overall effectiveness of the organization. 4. Prepare a list of learning outcomes expected from the internship and obtain approval for it from the mentor and faculty advisor, then identify and pursue specific experiences which will achieve those outcomes, again in consultation with the faculty advisor and mentor. 5.Identify and agree with the mentor upon a special project to be completed to satisfy course requirements while providing a learning experience which assists in meeting the student’s learning outcomes. 6. Meet course requirements for completion of assignments including preparation of two reports and weekly journal entries. 7. Taking into consideration course requirements and the student’s personal work and volunteer experience, prepare a schedule of the amount of time to be spent at the organization, obtain approval of the proposed schedule from the mentor and faculty advisor and ensure that it is implemented.

Learn about Charles Messiers Catalog of Objects

Learn about Charles Messier's Catalog of Objects In the mid-18th century, astronomer Charles Messier began studying the sky under the direction of the French Navy and its astronomer Joseph Nicolas Delisle. Messier was taxed with recording the comets he saw in the sky. Not surprisingly, as he studied the heavens, Messier came across a large number of objects that werent comets. Key Takeaways: The Messier Objects The Messier Objects are named for astronomer Charles Messier who compiled his list in the mid 1700s while searching for comets.  Today, astronomers still refer to this catalog of objects as the M objects. Each is identified with the letter M and a number.The most distant Messier object that can be seen with the naked eye is the Andromeda Galaxy, or M31.The Messier Objects catalog contains information about 110 nebulae, star clusters, and galaxies. Messier decided to compile these objects into a list that other astronomers could use as they searched the sky. The idea was to make it easier for others to ignore these objects as they, too, looked for comets. This list eventually became known as the Messier Catalog, and contains all objects Messier viewed through his 100-mm telescope from his latitude in France. First published in 1871, the list has been updated as recently as 1966. What Are the Messier Objects? Messier cataloged an amazing array of objects that astronomers still refer to today as the M objects. Each is identified with the letter M and a number. M13 is the brightest of the globular clusters in Hercules. It is the 13th object in Messiers list of faint fuzzies.. Rawastrodata, via Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 3.0.   Star Clusters First, there are the star clusters. With todays telescopes, its fairly easy to look at many of Messiers clusters and pick out individual stars. Yet, back in his day, these collections of stars probably looked fairly fuzzy through his telescope. Some, such as M2, a globular cluster in the constellation Aquarius, are just barely visible to the naked eye. Others are easy to see without a telescope. These include the globular cluster M13, visible in the constellation Hercules, also known as the Hercules Star Cluster, and M45, commonly known as the Pleiades. The Pleiades is a good example of an open cluster, which is a grouping of stars that travel together and are loosely bound together by gravity. Globulars contain hundreds of thousands of stars and are globe-shaped collections Nebulae Clouds of gas and dust are known as nebulae and exist throughout our galaxy. While nebulae are much dimmer than stars, some, such as the Orion Nebula or the Trifid Nebula in Sagittarius, can be seen with the naked eye under good conditions. The Orion Nebula is a starbirth region in the constellation Orion, while the Trifid is a cloud of hydrogen gas that glows (it is called an emission nebula for that reason), and has stars embedded in it as well.  Ã‚   The Orion Nebula as seen by the collection of instruments aboard Hubble Space Telescope. NASA/ESA/STScI The Messier list also contains information about supernova remnants and planetary nebulae. When a supernova explodes, it sends clouds of gas and other elements hurtling through space at high speed. These catastrophic explosions occur only when the most massive stars die, those that are at least eight to ten times the mass of the Sun. The best-known M object that is a supernova explosion remnant is called M1 and is more commonly known as the Crab Nebula. It is not visible to the naked eye but can be viewed through a small telescope. Look for it in the direction of the constellation Taurus.  Ã‚   Hubble Space Telescopes view of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant. NASA/ESA/STScI Planetary nebulae occur when smaller stars like the Sun die. Their outer layers dissipate while whats left of the star shrinks to become a white dwarf star. Messier charted a number of these, including the famous Ring Nebula, identified as M57 on his list. The Ring Nebula is not visible to the naked eye but can be found using binoculars or a small telescope in the constellation Lyra, the Harp.   You can see a white dwarf at the heart of the Ring Nebula. This is a Hubble Space Telescope image. The Ring Nebula consists of a white dwarf at the center of an expanding shell of gases expelled by the star. It is possible our star could end up like this. NASA/ESA/STScI. Messiers Galaxies There are 42 galaxies in the Messier Catalogue. They are classified by their shapes, including spirals, lenticulars, ellipticals, and irregulars. The most famous is the Andromeda Galaxy, which is called M31. Its the closest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way and can be seen with the naked eye from a good dark-sky site. Its also the most distant object that can be seen with the naked eye. It lies more than 2.5 million light-years away. All other galaxies in the Messier Catalogue are visible only through binoculars (for the brighter ones) and telescopes (for the dimmer ones).   At 2.5 million light-years, the Andromeda Galaxy is the closest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way. The term light-year was invented to handle the immense distances between objects in the universe. Later, parsec was developed for truly huge distances. Adam Evans/Wikimedia Commons. A Messier Marathon: Viewing all the Objects A Messier Marathon, wherein observers try to view all the Messier objects in one night, is only possible once a year, usually from mid-March to mid-April. Of course, the weather can be a factor. Observers typically begin their search for Messier objects as soon after sundown as possible. The search starts in the western part of the sky to catch a glimpse of any objects that are about to set.  Then, observers work their way east to try and see all 110 objects before the sky brightens near sunrise the next day.   A successful Messier Marathon can be quite challenging, particularly when an observer is trying to find those objects embedded in the vast star clouds of the Milky Way. Weather or clouds can obscure the view of some of the dimmer objects. People interested in doing a Messier Marathon usually do them in conjunction with an astronomy club. Special star parties are organized each year, and some clubs give out certificates to those who manage to capture them all. Most observers practice by observing Messier objects throughout the year, which gives them a better chance of finding them during a marathon. Its not really something a beginner can do, but it is something to strive for as one gets better at stargazing. The Messier Marathons website has helpful hints for observers wanting to pursue their own Messier chase.   Seeing Messier Objects Online For observers who dont have telescopes, or the ability to get out and observe Charles Messiers objects, there are a number of online image resources. The Hubble Space Telescope has observed most of the list, and you can see many of the stunning images in the Space Telescope Science Institutes Flickr catalog. Sources Astropixels.com, astropixels.com/messier/messiercat.html.â€Å"Charles Messier - Scientist of the Day.†Ã‚  Linda Hall Library, 23 June 2017, www.lindahall.org/charles-messier/.Garner, Rob. â€Å"Hubbles Messier Catalog.†Ã‚  NASA, NASA, 28 Aug. 2017, www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/hubble-s-messier-catalog.Torrance Barrens Dark-Sky Preserve | RASC, www.rasc.ca/messier-objects.

Food Security †Living in Hunger

Food Security – Living in Hunger Free Online Research Papers Food security describes a situation in which a human being does not have to live in hunger or fear starvation. According to the (1996 World Food Summit) food security exists when every person has physical and economic access at all times to healthy and nutritious food in sufficient quantity to cover the needs of their daily ration and food preferences in order to live a healthy and active life. As a concept it can be applied at many levels: global, national, household and individual. World-wide around 852 million men, women and children are frequently hungry due to extreme poverty; while up to 2 billion people lack food security due to varying degrees of poverty.(FAO2003). Food consumption levels reflect on poverty, families that don’t suffer from chronic hunger are the ones with financial resources, while the ones that suffer most are the ones without any financial resources and are also that part of the population that will be affected most in case of food shortages or famine. Food insecurity can be categorized either as chronic or transitory. Chronic food insecurity translates into a high degree of vulnerability to famine and hunger, ensuring food security presupposes elimination of that vulnerability. Chronic hunger is not famine, it is similar to under nourishment and is related to poverty, it exists mainly in poor countries. Food security as an issue became prominent in the 1970s and has been a topic of considerable attention since then, thirty definitions of it have been identified by Maxwell and Frankenberger (1992). Originally there was a tendency to understand the issue of food security only from a supply point of view. In 1979 the World Food Programme Report conceptualized food security, equating it with an assurance of supplies and a balanced supply-demand situation of stable foods in the international market. The report also emphasized that increasing food production in the developing countries would be the basis on which to build their food security. This would mean that the monitoring by famine early warning systems for food insecurity should focus on the availability of food in the world marketplace and on the food production systems of developing countries. However, global food availability does not ensure food security to any particular country because what is available in the world market (o r the surplus in the US or Canada) cannot be accessed by famine-affected people in African countries, as the economies of these countries, in general, cannot generate the foreign currency needed to purchase food from the world market. Three-quarters of the world’s poor and hungry are located in rural areas. These people depend directly and indirectly on agriculture and agriculture-related activities for their food and income. USAID proposed several key steps to increasing agricultural productivity which is in turn key to increasing rural income and reducing food insecurity. These key steps include: Boosting agricultural science and technology. Rising agricultural productivity drives economic growth. Improved agricultural technology is a key component for boosting productivity. This includes support to agricultural research and support to the application of improved technologies and practices. Developing domestic market and international trade opportunities. Expanding farmers’ commercial opportunities is critical for ensuring adequate returns. This includes improving domestic markets and international trade opportunities. Improving policy frameworks. Only with sound policies in place can domestic and foreign private investment and development assistance catalyze growth by helping people solve the problems that all too often keep them poor and food insecure. Securing property rights and access to finance. Asset distribution shapes broad-based progress because it determines the impact of the economic benefits. Asset distribution also contributes to empowerment, hence participation and ownership, by the larger proportion of the rural population. Protecting the vulnerable. Conflict prevention and resolution mechanisms and democracy and governance based on principles of accountability and transparency in public institutions and the rule of law are basic to reducing vulnerability in the short term and eliminate conditions that create vulnerability over the long term. Enhancing human capital. Better education and improved health contribute to greater scientific capacity, more productive farmers, and better decision-makers over a range of economic and non-economic activities. The agriculture, hunger, poverty nexus is also a very important link involved into ensuring food security, utterly removing hunger and poverty requires an understanding of the ways in which these two injustices interconnect. Hunger, and the malnourishment that accompanies it, prevents poor people from escaping poverty because it reduces their ability to learn, work, and care for themselves and their family members. If left unaddressed, hunger sets in motion an array of outcomes that prolongs malnutrition, reduces the ability of adults to work and to give birth to healthy children, and erodes childrens ability to learn and lead productive, healthy, and happy lives. This shortage of human development undermines a countrys potential for economic development for generations to come. Of the eight Millennium Development Goals, eradicating extreme hunger and poverty depends on agriculture the most. Millennium development goal’s one calls for halving hunger and poverty by 2015 in relation to 1990 and also halve the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day between this same period. Another method of achieving food security is the ‘‘Special Programme for Food Security.’’(SPFS) This is Food and Agricultures Organization’s flagship into achieving the above goals which is adopted by 105 countries today with donations of up to $800 million dollars. It assists countries, particularly but not exclusively Low-Income Food-Deficit Countries (LIFDCs), to improve food security within poor households through National Food Security Programmes (NFSPs) and Regional Programmes for Food Security (RFSPs). Their most current goal after an independent evaluation in 2002 is to move away from their exclusive focus on raising agricultural output, to finding ways to improve poor peoples access to food. New directions include locally supplied school meals, food for work schemes and capacity-building activities to improve agriculture, aquaculture, agroprocessing, animal health and irrigation techniques. It is also replacing the earlier trend for smal l-scale pilot projects with National Food Security Programmes which address the needs of a country as a whole in a more holistic and comprehensive way. Bibliography A global view of food security. Agriculture + Rural Development Singer, H. W. (1997). Agriculture, food security, nutrition and the Millennium Development Goals Von Braun, Joachim; Swami Nathan, M. S.; Rosegrant, Mark W. World Bank. World Development Report 2000/2001: AttackingPoverty. Oxford University Press, 2000. worldbank.org/ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations fao.org An Active Learning Approach to Teaching About World Hunger MATTHEW KRAIN and CHRISTINA J. SHADLE. (2006) US AID usaid.gov/index.html World Food Summit fao.org/wfs/index_en.htm Household food security: concepts, indicators, and measurements: a technical review. New York, NY, USA and Rome, UNICEF and IFAD. Maxwell, S. Frankenberger,1992. Research Papers on Food Security - Living in HungerGenetic EngineeringAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePETSTEL analysis of IndiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasLifes What IfsThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Hipaa, How it may affect me in a doctor office Essay

Hipaa, How it may affect me in a doctor office - Essay Example In case of a job change I will be able to benefit from the act as I will be able to reduce the exclusion period in group health plan and health insurance coverage. This is a positive affect that the act will have on me. As an employee in a doctor’s office, HIPAA would affect me in numerous ways from the second part of the HIPAA. First and the foremost, there would be increased pressure in order to ensure the safety of the health care data. Personal responsibility needs to be taken in order to ensure that all the rules and regulations are followed in order to the safeguard the information. Failure to do so will attract serious penalties. There will be special training on the use and understanding of the new systems. As the patient information is accessed by many, the responsibility to protect that information becomes even greater. Hence, I will need to undergo training not just on how to use the new systems but also on the various aspects of the act itself. This will help to have a clear understanding of the act and hence act within the rules and regulations defined in the act. Also training is required in using the equipments that will be in place as a result of the HIPAA act (Iyer et al., 2006). It is also the responsibility of me and my colleagues to explain the provisions and the various aspects of the act to the patients. The complexities of the act must be clearly communicated to the patients so that they can make full use of it. Also a result of the act, there will be continuous monitoring and supervision of my work. I will be monitored to see if all the procedure laid out by the hospital is being followed or not. Also I must comply with the personnel and security management systems in the hospital. Osborne, H. (2002). In Other Words†¦How the New HIPAA Regulations Affect Healthcare Communication. Boston Globes On Call.[Online]. Available at:

Motivation and Job Satisfaction Among healthcar employees In Hospitals Research Paper

Motivation and Job Satisfaction Among healthcar employees In Hospitals In Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example Therefore, it can be concluded that nurses are crucial to the success of any healthcare system, which in terms ensure high quality services are delivered to patients. Working is a requirement for most people and most people will spend the majority of their adult lives at work; therefore, employers should have a moral obligation to make the experience personally rewarding and be able to motivate employees to provide superior output and as a result gain competitive advantage (Kovach, 1987). JS as a topic concerns both those working in the organisation and those studying them. It is also important because of its effect on the physical and emotional well-being of employees i.e. JS has relevance for human health (Rose, 2005). Chopra (1991) stated that numerous studies at various medical centres have agreed on the fact that people live longer, healthier lives, if they are satisfied with their jobs.. A vast body of knowledge exists globally regarding the factors influencing nurses’ satisfaction. However, not many studies have been conducted about these factors in Saudi Arabia (S.A). Therefore, this study will address nurses’ JS in S.A. In this research the question to be answered is: What are the factors influencing JS of nurses in a university hospital in S.A.? After reviewing comprehensively the relevant literature for the purpose of this research, it has been revealed that several factors are associated with nurses’ JS. Although the factors influencing nurses JS have been extensively studied worldwide, limited evidence exists about the factors affecting nurses’ JS in S.A. In this research the question to be answered is: The purpose of the study must be clear in order to make it easy for the reader to understand; according to Locke et al (1987) the purpose statement should provide â€Å"a specific and accurate synopsis of the overall purpose of the study†. The aim of this study is to measure nurses’ JS in S.A.