Pirates terror of the high seas :: essays research papers

I. IntroductionA. Argggggghhhhhhhhh Ahoy me mates and welcome to the world of pirates.B. through the next few minutes I bequeath be informing ye about pirates and their rage on the high seas.C. We will be talking about pirates, their ships, weapons, and a few famous ones at that.D. I myself have been interested in pirates since I was a wee lad.A. get offs1. Galleona. The Spanish Galleon was the great prize ship for pirates. (History of Pirates)1. Spanish armada used these ships to export gold from the Americas.b. lean of cannons was concentrated to center part of the ship.1. Used for st efficacy.c. Meant to cross the Atlantic in large convoys.2. Sloopa. The ancestors of the modern yacht. (History of Pirates)b. Favored among pirates because of its agility.2. Pirates relied on bluff and surprise.c. Pirates of the Caribbean used these ships.1. Best sloops were construct in Bermuda and Jamaica.3. Men-O-Wara. Ship Of the Line 1. Main battle ship of a Navy 2. Largest of Men-O-War.3. Carried between 32 to 144 guns.b. Frigate1. Was the midsized Man-O-War2. Had three masts but was conciderable smaller than the Ship Of the Line.3. Had one gun deck, but kept other cannons on the spare deck. c. Corvette 1. sometimes called a sloop of war2. had her guns arranged on a single deck.3. had the ability to maneuver easily.4. Now we must cover the terror they unleashed with their weapons.B. Weapons1. Cutlassa. A rough heavy broad blade (History of Pirates 107)b. Shortness of the blade was an advantage when scrap a tabular array a ship.c. Was a great hacking weapon due to its curved blade and heaviness.d. Was often used as a tool as well.2. Blunderbuss/pistolsa. more than like a hand-held cannon then a rifle (History of Pirates 113)b. Ranged in length from about 14 to 30 inches.c. When used in exclude range it could kill about seven people.d. Pirates prized pistols above all other weapons (History of Pirates 115)e. Pirates used to carry several pistols hanging on a sa sh into battle.f. they were usually loaded from the barrel of the gun with prepared shoot powder and bullets. 3. Cannonsa. ranged in different sizes by being called pounders.b. could range from 2 to 32 pounders on board a shipc. swivel guns were mounted on the poop deck to stop boarders.d. the main cannons were mounted on rolling carts and strapped

Films and Media Misrepresenting Race Essay -- Matrix Racism Blacks Ess

occupys and Media Misrepresenting Raceabstract In many ways technology wee-wees entrance to academic work, research and employment easier and faster. However, I am concerned that technology is too often chosen over humanity. Historically,representations of African Americans in expert media be given to value white bodies at the expense of Black bodies (Stam and Spence, 1983). Further, recent studies show (Zickmund 2000), in fact, the ways in which some World Wide Web sites make it easier for hate groups to spread their misinformation, contributing to the devaluation of black bodies in technological media. Together, these media representations can be understood in terms of a digital devide between technological haves and have-nots. Film and new media play integral roles in misrepresenting race. The film,The hyaloplasm, reflects these problematic representations of race. Yet it provides critical metaphors for African Americans who contend that we are controlled by beings other than ourselves, and that our bodies must initiatory be filtered through white bodies to be considered valuable. introduction The 1999 movie The Matrix is considerably more than entertainment for me. It experiments with the idea that we are all pawns of other beings. The Matrix leads the viewer into a world where humans are controlled by secret mechanical forces wishing to enslave humanity. Through critical thinking the humans in The Matrix are able to break the chains of bondage and reclaim their divine nature. Like the characters in The Matrix, I have often felt that I was trapped in an alternate reality, that everyone else around me is trapped as well, pawns in a game, and more importantly, I wonder what would happen if we resisted... ...e Spence, Colonialism, Racism, and Representation AnIntroduction, from Braudy, Leo and Cohen, Marshall, eds. Film Theory and Criticism 5th. ed. (New York Oxford University Press,1999)Crane, David, In Medias Race, from Kolko, Naka mura, Rodman, eds., Race In Cyberspace (New York Routledge,2000)Marx, Leo, Information Technology in Historical Perspective, from High Technology and Low-Income Communities (Cambridge MIT Press, 1999)Mitchell, William, The City of Bits Hypothesis, in High Technology and Low-Income Communities (Cambridge,MIT Press, 1999)Latimer, Christopher P. New York State Forum for Information Resource Management Rockefeller Institute of Government. (Albany, NYNYSFIRM, 2001) Zickmund, Susan Approaching The Radical Other the Discursive civilisation of Cyberhate from the Cyberculture Reader (London/New York Routhledge,2000)

My Blind Friend Taught Me to See Essay -- Friendship Essay

How My Blind Friend Taught Me to See Life is either a daring adventure or nothing. Helen Keller Twelve years ago, at the birthday society of a friend, was the first time I met somebody my own age who had a disability. He was tall for his age, thin, and wore eyeglasses, just like I did. It was this commonality that initially attracted me to him, since I didnt know very many kindergartners who wore glasses. I had begun wearing glasses to correct a case of strabismus at age two, and was able to view perfectly when I put them on. However, I was not aware of the fact that his glasses did very little to sharpen his vision, and that he was legally blind. On the ratiocination day of second grade, at the unofficial annual picnic at Westland Hills Park, we became good friends. As we moved from the swings to the jungle gym to the sprinklers, I realized how much(prenominal) we truly had in common. We enjoyed the same things Legos, swimming and being Cub Scouts. Throughout third grade, we sp ent nearly every weekend together. During this time, though I had been assured of his disability, I never made...

Democracy in Civil Disobedience, Slavery in Massachusetts, Benito Ceren

The Oppression of Democracy Exposed in Civil Disobedience, Slavery in Massachusetts, Benito Cereno and Bartleby the Scrivener America has long been recognized as a elective nation, a nation operating under the will of the people. The forefathers of America fought incessantly against British tyranny to start anew in a land of emancipation and opportunity. Because America revived the ancient Greek ideology of democracy, the nation was set apart from the rest of the world and was revered for the freedom and justice it provided its people. However, not everyone thinks that American democracy means freedom and liberty. On the contrary, writers such(prenominal) as Henry David Thoreau in Civil Disobedience and Slavery in Massachusetts, along with Herman Melville in Benito Cereno and Bartleby the Scrivener, propose that democracy can actually oppress and restrict the individual. In Civil Disobedience, Thoreau criticizes the American government for its democratic personality, namely, th e idea of majority ruling. Like earlier transcendentalists, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Thoreau believes in the importance of the individual. In a society where there are many individuals with conflicting perceptions and beliefs, Emerson chooses passivity and isolation to avoid conflict with others. However, different Emerson, Thoreau rejects passivity and challenges his readers to stand up against the government that focuses on majorities over individuals. Thoreau argues that when power is in the hands of the people, the majority rules, not because they are most likely to be in the right, nor because this seems fairest to the minority, but because they are physically the strongest (Thoreau 64). Thoreau portrays this very fundamental element of democracy, w... ...t the tyrannical majority and take whatever measures necessary, but Melville simply exposes the repressive nature of democracy and leaves it at that. However, Melville does point out, through Benito Cereno and Bartleby, the Scrivener, that simply rebelling against democracy, as Thoreau proposes, is not the answer. Perhaps Melville does not have a solution, just as Bartleby did not. Nonetheless, to both writers, democracy continues to be a despotic institution. Works Cited and Consulted Melville, Herman. Bartleby and Benito Cereno. Dover Publications, Inc. New York. 1993. Thoreau, Henry D. Slavery in Massachusetts. Reform Papers. Ed. Wendell Glick. Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1973. 91-109. ----- Civil Disobedience from A humans of Ideas - Essential Readings for College Readers, Lee A. Jacobus, Bedford Books, 1998, 1849(123 -146)

Going Round Our Selves :: Personal Narrative Woolf Essays

Going Round Our Selves To tell the truth about oneself, to discover oneself near at hand, is not easy.-Virginia Woolf, MontaigneIt was the end of August. I was eight old age old and my mom, dad, associate, uncle, and I had gathered on the front porch of our lakeside cottage in Indiana. All day a thunderstorm raged outside. The rain swept across the lake in sheets from the north, flooding the boathouse and drenching the sheets and towels my mother and I had hung on the clothesline the night before. My brother and I had gone through every board game in the house and worn out the deck of cards, so he told me we were going to play catch, snatched up a tennis ball, and headed from the porch into the main part of the house. I, four days his junior, followed.It is here, first, that I feel I essential pause for just now, in this event as I have begun to recount it, there seem to be numerous forces at work. The way in which I remember the beginnings of this incident, the method by which I have started to put it into words, speaks to the rain that drove my family and me into the house and onto the porch, to my brother who effortlessly coaxed me into one game of monopoly after another, to the ease with which I complied with his silent instructions to follow him into the house for a game of catch. My actions seem so compulsive by things and people external to me that recalling my eight-year-old self has surprised and startled, unsettled me. In allowing this sensation of shock to play through my mind, I am instantly displace to Virginia Woolfs A Sketch of the Past, her version of a memoir in which she brings the places she grew up in, the people she knew, and a handful of the experiences that shaped her over the course of her life grit into existence for us to read, perhaps eventually to come to know and be shaped by ourselves.Woolf is interested in this shaping and molding, the malleability, the instabilities of human existence that start our daily lives an d so she sets out to explore and examine the power and influence of the forces in the early, formative years of ones life. She writes that somehow into the space and time of ones childhood must be brought, too, the sense of movement and change.

Going Round Our Selves :: Personal Narrative Woolf Essays

Going Round Our Selves To tell the truth about oneself, to disc all over oneself near at hand, is not easy.-Virginia Woolf, MontaigneIt was the force out of August. I was eight years old and my mom, dad, brother, uncle, and I had gathered on the front porch of our lakeside cottage in Indiana. All day a thunderstorm raged outside. The rain swept across the lake in sheets from the north, flooding the boathouse and drenching the sheets and towels my mother and I had hung on the clothesline the night before. My brother and I had gone through every board spunky in the house and worn out the deck of cards, so he told me we were going to play catch, snatched up a tennis ball, and headed from the porch into the chief(prenominal) part of the house. I, four years his junior, followed.It is here, first, that I feel I must pause for just now, in this event as I have begun to declaim it, there seem to be numerous forces at work. The way in which I remember the beginnings of this incid ent, the method by which I have started to put it into words, speaks to the rain that drove my family and me into the house and onto the porch, to my brother who effortlessly coaxed me into one game of monopoly after another, to the ease with which I complied with his silent instructions to follow him into the house for a game of catch. My actions seem so driven by things and people external to me that recalling my eight-year-old self has surprised and startled, unsettled me. In allowing this sensation of shock to play through my mind, I am instantly drawn to Virginia Woolfs A Sketch of the Past, her version of a memoir in which she brings the places she grew up in, the people she knew, and a handful of the experiences that shaped her over the course of her life back into existence for us to read, perhaps eventually to come to know and be shaped by ourselves.Woolf is interested in this cause and molding, the malleability, the instabilities of human existence that drive our daily li ves and so she sets out to explore and examine the power and influence of the forces in the early, formative years of ones life. She writes that somehow into the stead and time of ones childhood must be brought, too, the sense of movement and change.

Human Growth and Development Case Study

The paper Is focused primarily on cognitive, physical, and brotherly developments. This paper shoot for out discuss the relationship I stop surrounded by theories of observing and planning and theories of development in childhood education. Michael is 6 years and 11 months old. It is October and he is in first conformation. Michael rarely give aways contact, and when he is directly asked to do so he turns and looks at the back wall of the classroom. He displays this behavior similarly when asked to participate in group work.When in class he maintains a low level of continuous dialogue which is never directed towards other students. When he asks questions in class they never save any relevance to the immediate context of the lesson. When he talks to other students he talks at them kinda than to them and does non conduct a response. It is also evident in his interaction with the teacher that his conversation deprivations any element of transaction. He demonstrates a litera l understanding of instruction I. E. latterly he was told to sit down and finish his work and non to belong until he was finished.Michael did finish the work but continued to sit all bowling ball lunch until the teacher on yard duty noticed him sitting in the empty classroom. He reported he had been told not to move. It is clear that he does not understand facial expressions and body language and conference postulate to be kept at a in truth concrete and unam greatuous level. more and more he is becoming neighborlyly isolated in the class as he displays little interest in the other children and they find his behavior thorny to understand.At a time in their lives when children are beginning to form real fri subvertships his difficulties are becoming more apparent in the social area. He moans compose frequently that the other children call him a baby out in the yard and this has become an issue with his parents as they claim he is being bullied in the art. Close observation of Michael reveals that he does in fact be take over in a babyish manner quiet a solidification of time and lacks levels of license consistent with his age group. He along with the rest of his class has completed the Micro T. And Stigma T. Sets of reading and math attainment. On both tests Michael scores twain standards deviations above the norm indicating that his intellectual ability is very high. This in turn calls into question his lack of ability to function in the social and communication areas. A report is compiled for all students prior to the annual parent teacher meeting. When completing Michaels report form the only option for the teacher is to tick poor in all the sections relating to social development. At the parent teacher meeting Michaels social and communication skills become the focus of the discussion.They reluctantly agree that they had noticed many distressing behavior particularly when they compared his development to that of their rawer son who is four. They report that they try to provide Michael with opportunities to socialism but that on occasion when he invites other children theme to play Michael ignores them. People rather than with them.. He doesnt look people in the kernel when he speaks to them, and he awaits unaware of the subtleties of verbal and nonverbal communication. He is socially isolated, has low level of independence. Michael intellectual ability is very high.If Michael were evaluated medically he would possibly receive a diagnosing of aspirer Syndrome (AS). What is aspirant Syndrome? Austrian paediatrician Hans Aspirer first described the problem in 1944, but it was not until 1991 that the constellation of symptoms/experiences now cognize as Aspirer Syndrome (or Espaliers Disorder) became more widely known and accepted. In 1994 the Ameri sack Psychiatric Association included the diagnosis in their Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (ADSM). Since then, as many as one and only(a) in 250 c hildren and adults may meet the diagnostic criteria.The medical community places AS in the same family of problems such as autism, what the ADSM calls pervasive developmental disorders. Those with AS have a difficult time developing good relationships, particularly with peers, for several reasons * Nonverbal communication differences-?children with AS have trouble expressing and interpreting nonverbal forms of communication such as ye contact, facial expressions, body postures, and gestures. He may miss or misinterpret subtle nonverbal cues that signal anger, irritation, boredom, or amusement in others, lots leading to misunderstanding and conflict in relationships. Verbal communication struggles-? opposed autistic children, those with AS can express themselves verbally, but he struggle to use these abilities wisely in the midst of conversations. He are better at communicating information about things he know than entering into the occur and take of normal conversation. * Lack of social or emotional reciprocity-?AS children struggle to understand and relate to he feelings of others. This does not mean that he have no feelings but that he have difficulty entering into another persons experiences, emotions, and archetypes.How Aspirer Syndrome can affect Michaels development Aspirer Syndrome can affect a Michaels development in a numerous number of counsels. Erickson described development in a set of stages an individual must overcome one to move on to the next. AS could seriously disturb the succession of reaching these stages and leave a person feeling very lost and confused if gone untreated. For instance, Michael who is in the stage of Industry vs.. Inferiority may be comparing himself to his peers and realize he is very different. The issues a child has in the socially anxious and redden more cut off in the future (Beer, 2007).Piglets theory on intellectual growth can mostwhat be contradicted with children who have Aspirer Syndrome. Pigged verbalis e that all children when through four stages of cognitive development. The first is seniority, the second is operational, the third is concrete-operational, and the fourth is formal-operational stage (Skip and Shaffer 61). These different stages coincide very well with children who do not have Aspirer Syndrome, but he do not coincide very nicely with children who do. Michael who has AS is very intellectual, and more advanced then what Pigged thought was capable in his stages.Pigged believed that children couldnt really move ahead in the stages while he was still in a young age but this is not true in relationship with children who have AS. One the other hand there are some(a) areas that Michael is not as advanced as he should be according to Pigged. This full continues to prove that Pigged had to think about different ways that different children have of developing cognitively. Many students with Espaliers may have a lack of self-motivation. According to Masons Hierarchy of Needs a nd theory of motivation, a person has basic needs to fulfill.The lower levels of needs include survival, safety, belonging and self-esteem. The higher levels of needs include self-actualization, aesthetic appreciation, and intellectual achievement. (Gene Chukka, 2007) When considering Masons theory, Michael may never reach the higher needs because the lower level needs have not been met. He very much feel like he dont belong, he feel unsafe and he can also struggle with self-esteem. These factors can have a great nitty-gritty on a Michaels motivation in the classroom. Michael may also have needs in the classroom that the teacher will need to accommodate for.It may be physical needs, such as softened lights or loud noise reduction or environmental needs, such as whole caboodlepace that is comfortable and not overwhelming for the student. Michael may also have academic needs in the classroom as well, such as wait time, physical information rather than verbal or hands on manipulati ve. Some classroom teachers may need to have interventions set in place in the case that a student with Espaliers has behavior modifications in lace. There needs to be a set discipline plan for all students as well as the AS student in the classroom.They might also have an individualized behavior plan designed to meet their specific needs and goals. These are set in place to help the AS student succeed in the regular education classroom. The key to continueing Michael motivated in the classroom is to find what works for him. It will not be the same for everyone and it is up to the school, teachers, counselors and parents to find a way to help that individual child be successful in their education. Just like any other student, Michael wants to succeed and be part of the school and classroom community.With the proper motivational techniques, this is possible for Michael. Characteristics, and the affect this disorder of Michaels development Aspirer their development. Hans Aspirer desc ribed these group of children with a significant and chronic nonrepresentational social disorder (Miles and Simpson 1). Michael verbalise to have a lot of difficultly in social settings. Some characteristics of Michael are that he do not deal with social situations correctly. Autistic children have much more problems with language then children with AS, and this is the biggest preference between the two disorders.He also tend to show a lot of repetitive behaviors, and obsessions with certain things Jackson 45). People with AS can also experience some problems with their sleeping patterns, motor skills and emotions. There is no specific cause to Aspirer Syndrome or Autism, it is a fact of something going wrong in your genes. A diagnosis for Aspirer Syndrome is usually made between the ages of four to eleven. The child has to demonstrate an impairment in social situations, repetitive behaviors, and their also has to be not a severe impairment in language to be diagnosed as AS and not Autism.He have to take a series of cognitive and genetic assessments to see where he fall on the ADSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria. If he obtain a certain amount of these qualities he are classified as having Aspirer Syndrome (Prior 18). Aspirer Syndrome is a very common disorder, it is important for people to understand the characteristics, and the affect this disorder has on the five domains of their development. Cognitive Domain There are some different cognitive findings with children who have Aspirer Syndrome. A defining characteristic of AS is an average or above average intellectual opacity (Miles and Simpson 10).Michael tends to do very well intellectually in school, mostly this is due to his ability to become fixated on a topic and therefore in a way become an expert on the topic. Children with AS usually also get diagnosed with an attention deficit disorder. Michael seem to have a hard time with remunerative attention, and he get distracted very easily. Michael seem to get los t in his own word very often. One minute it may seem like Michael is paying attention to what you are doing, and the next he is completely in his own word, and is total unaware of his surroundings.Other then these few cognitive problems unlike Autism, Aspirer Syndrome doesnt have as many. Linguistic domain Children with Aspirer Syndrome have some issues with language. Although it is much less serious then with children with Autism it is still a big part of their life. Michael has a lot of difficulty with language, body language and facial expressions. It is very hard for him to figure out what other people mean by the way they speak and the different kinds of expressions they make. Children with AS take things very literal, and this is a huge problem with their language Jackson 100).This is very important for teachers to understand, because when they give a student or else they will get very confused. For example, if a teacher tells Michaels to leave the room for a second, he would walk out of the classroom for on the button one second and then come back in. It is very hard for Michael to understand the true meaning as to what the person is telling him, and therefore he get very confused. There are some ways of helping these children with their difficulties which is having them take speech-language assessments.This studies the childs understanding of nonliterary engage, verbal problem solving, and nonverbal communication (Miles and Simpson 26). getting Michael into these programs early in his life, can really impact how well his language understanding develops as adults. Physical domain Children with Aspirer Syndrome tend to have some physical problems. Physical activity can be hard for children with AS because most of the children have a degree of fine and gross motor problems (Prior 207). Children with AS tend to have bad balance and hand eye coordination, they can also be very clumsy.This makes it very hard for Michael to play on a team. Difficulties with fine motor skills affect Michaels performance academically. He can sometimes have trouble grasping a pencil, and therefore he write very messy. This also causes a lot of problems in physical education class (Miles and Simpson 62). Students with AS have a very hard time physically and lycee can be very hard on them emotionally because children tend to make fun of someone who is very bad at sports. Children with Aspirer Syndrome also have problems with textures and sensory perception.Certain textures can really bother a person with AS. So can different sounds. A child with AS has heightened menses and this causes them to get very disturbed by certain things Jackson 61). Children with AS also have different dietary needs. There is a theory that gluten and casein products can not be broken down with people on the Autistic spectrum. The removal of these foods can be very beneficial to the childs health. Going on a gluten free diet has shown some amazing results in helping children with Autism deal with their dietary needs Jackson 82).Social Domain Children with Aspirer Syndrome have a lot of difficulty with social situations. Michael sometimes doesnt know how to handle some situations that he is not used to. It is said that children with AS dont understand when they are standing to attached to someone, which would make them uncomfortable. Also Michael has difficulties with following people around, and not knowing that this is bothering the person he is following. It is also very hard for Michael to tell if someone is bored because he doesnt understand peoples facial expressions, and different emotional expressions Jackson 164).Research states that children with AS demonstrate impairments in their relationships with peers, difficulties with participating in reciprocal conversations and using nonverbal communication cues inside social exchanges Prior 105). Michael also has a very hard time with maintaining eye contact with Michael to be socially awkward in his lac k of eye contact (Prior 106). This can be very frustrating for Michael because he feel like he is doing everything right and normal with other people, but he end up doing things all wrong. Emotional Domain (Self-esteem) Some children have a much healthier self-regard than others.However, children who are aware that they have significant difficulties that keep them apart from their peers are almost guaranteed to have low self-esteem. And this is exacerbated by sleep robbers, bullying, difficulties with school-work, relationship problems etc. Clearly, self-esteem issues are common in children with Aspirer Syndrome. Studies show that children who are given help with Social Skills and are able to translate this into real life situations, develop higher self-esteem, and some children benefit from Cognitive behavioural Therapy There are several strands that Michaels parents and teachers should keep an eye on.Teachers need to make sure that Michael is not being bullied, that he can access school work, that he can cope with playtimes and dinner hours. Espies are often perfectionists, and therefore often feel that they are letting people down when they do not do something perfectly. Michael needs to know his rules about doing his best. He often avoids situations where he is afraid of failing. Michael need to be encouraged to take risks, maybe going into a social situation, and then emphasis the things he has done well. Success in one situation can give the confidence to tackle another new thing.Conclusion either child is unique unique in the way he develops and grows. A childs development from baby to toddler, from child to teenager from teenager to adult usually follows an anticipate pattern. Sometimes this pattern of development is delayed. The delay may be mild or severe. Every child develops differently, however some differences may indicate a developmental disorder or delay. This is where important developmental milestones or stages are missed or delayed. Many children with Espaliers Syndrome also have sensory processing difficulties.Children with Espaliers Syndrome often find social situations extremely trying and stressful. They frequently have stereotypical patterns of behavior and can be obsessive about very specific interests, in addition to some peach and language peculiarities and issues with non-verbal communication, Many of these young people have average or above average intelligence but lack the skills to communicate easily, have very poor social skills and may not be able to empathic or relate well to other children or adults.These children often have great difficulty reading other peoples emotions or feelings. These difficulties can persist through teenage and adult life. However with family and school supports and with early intervention, young people None of us can choose our genes, our parents, or the place where we are born. We all have feelings and we all live in the same world. Lets make it a kind and friendly place fo r everyone. Advises for Michael parents and teachers Aspire The Aspirer Syndrome Association of Ireland Collinear House, Carmichael Centre, Collinear Street, Dublin 7, Ireland.

Reciprocity in Anthropology

The way every(prenominal) being experiences the world around us is mostly constructed by the socialization we atomic number 18 exposed to and brought up in. The world makes sense to us because of the ways culture influences our perception. We experience the world around us in a time, space, and mentality that argon built solely by culture. The Kaluli be a tribal clan from Highland bare-assed Guinea who experience their lives through reciprocity. The way the Kaluli form relationships amongst superstar a nonher, communicate, and practice their everyday lives is based through gift-giving and reciprocity.The Kaluli ar socially dependent beings who have constructed a social mechanism in which everyone participates in the art of reciprocity to maintain and build these social relations with one another. The Kaluli reify and bring to life reciprocity through ceremonies such as Gisaro, through food and marriage, senses, and socialization. Frequently, the Kaluli stack will hold a tra ditional ceremony, called the Gisaro, which demonstrates the importance of reciprocity in their daily lives. Gisaro is a ceremony in which the Kaluli guests execute dance and singing rituals for their hosts. Schieffelin, p. 22) The visitors guide many weeks preparing costumes, songs, and performances for their hosts, while in return the hosts plan feasts at their longhouses for their prospective guests. (Schieffelin, p. 22) During the evening, the Gisaro produces in aspect the longhouses, and the dancers from the visitors side begin performing. (Schieffelin, p. 22) The performing group is made up of more or less 25 men, who begin to dance and sing one by one in the centre of the longhouse, while the audience of hosts watch. (Schieffelin, p. 2) The performers will take their turns singing almost places and state familiar to one or more of the hosts in the audience. Most of the places that are sung somewhat are from the past of a member in the audience and the people that are s ung about have died and have emotional ties to audience members. (Schieffelin p. 23) As the singing and recalling of events related to audience members get intense, so does the emotional atmosphere amongst the audience of hosts. A member from the crowd will likely begin to resurface past memories of loved ones that have died and will begin to get deeply emotional and will begin to cry. Schieffelin, p. 23) However, immediately after, the emotional host will become infuriated due to the fact that the dancer s undersurfacedalize them with past memories, and in anger the host will grab a lit torch and burn the shoulders of the performer continuously. (Schieffelin, p. 23) The performer however, will not state any sight of pain and one-by-one the performers will continue performing and the whole process of emotional-outbreak and burning will continue until the chirping of birds can be heard in the morning. (Schieffelin, p. 3) At the end of the night, before the visitors made their way b ack, they paid compensation to those whom they made cry. (Schieffelin, p. 23) The Gisaro ritual shows an copiousness of reciprocity in social-relations and emotions. The ritual is based on the exchange between the hosts and the visitors one provides plentiful food and the other performs and entertains. The reciprocal nature of this social gathering displays the dependency both parties place on one-another to perform their obligated role in the gathering. This kind of social giving and exchanging is basic to the Kaluli way of life. (Schieffelin, p. 26) Reciprocity of duties aside, thither is also an exchange of emotions that can be witnessed in the Gisaro ceremony. The performer thinneds the audience member, who then in return inflicts physical pain upon the performer. (Schieffelin, p. 24) In the Kaluli society anger is looked upon as a justification for being hurt or angered, and requires ones to react in an aggressive manner to be compensated for the feelings of anger inflicted upon them. (Schieffelin, p. 34) If the Kaluli men do not react in anger where they are socially required too, they will be looked upon as weak and incapable. (Schieffelin, p. 135) The Kaluli use this is a method to limit how far a person can be bullied and taken advantage of. By compensating oneself through aggressive manners, the Kaluli are able to make sure that no one is pushed further than the other, and that at all propagation everything is equal. (Schieffelin, p. 136) Such interventions, which were quiet common, seem aimed more at allowing the interaction to conclude properly than with scolding or punishing the offender. (Schieffelin, p. 137) Thus, in the Gisaro ritual it is appropriate for a host to be angered by the performer and react in an aggressive manner. By performing the Gisaro, both the visitors and the hosts of the occasion share the exchange of emotion and ritual duties. Like the Gisaro, the Kaluli people partake in many other traditional ceremonies that show the reciprocity of food, outwear, and duties. In marriage there is an abundance of gift-giving and labour sharing which involves both the groom and the brides family.When a bride is chosen, the groom must compensate the brides family with brides-wealth, and both sides begin to part-take in many ceremonies. (Schieffelin, p. 26) One side will bring the other many fruits and meat, and then the other side will return the favour by doing the same, creating an on-going cycle of food-giving. (Schieffelin, pg. 26) Food is continuously transfer and prepared by both in-laws because it is one of the best methods the Kaluli use to form and maintain social relations with their in-laws and family. Food as gift or hospitality is the main vehicle for expression of friendly relationship to anyone, kinsman or acquaintance. (Schieffelin, p. 27) The reason that the Kaluli form such reciprocal customs is to provide the Kaluli people with the the basis for the provision of hospitality for visiting, suppo rt in conflict, invitations to hunt and fish, mutual assistance in garden labor, and occasional ceremonial prestations, which are formal customary gifts of food, especially meat. (Schieffelin, p. 6) The Kaluli people distribute their labours and efforts in food-gathering by creating a mutual-dependency on one another. (Dr. Clark, chide 3) By creating a gift-based economy, there is a never ending cycle of giving, and so there will always be support for the Kaluli people. (Dr. Clark, Lecture 3) Though western societies might look at the Kaluli gift-giving economy as an outdated method, it has shown to be the most efficient as there is less labour needed to be done by everyone and there is always certainty of being provided for. (Dr.Clark, Lecture 3) The Kaluli have found a form of security through these gift-giving rituals and traditions to make sure that they always have food and support. done reciprocity, the Kaluli try to achieve a respite in their everyday life, and this has become the mean in which they experience their world. There is reciprocity to keep remnant of food and relationships. Likewise, the Kaluli myths of how nature, their placement in reality, and their after-world presents a different form of reciprocity and balance. The Kaluli believe that at the beginning of time, there were only humans and that there was no nature. Schieffelin, p. 94) However, as time went on there were needs for food, shelter, clothing, and etc. Thus all men were gathered together and were come aboutn duties to become trees, animals, water, etc. (Schieffelin, p. 94) The Kaluli recognize that these trees and nature surrounding them are in truth people, and that to these people the Kaluli appear to be trees, water, animals, and nature. (Schieffelin, p. 96) This means that the nature-world is a reflection of the Kaluli, and to the world of nature which are actually people the Kaluli reflect the world of nature.The Kaluli do not treat this world as a spiritual or s acred world, it is just an everyday reality for them which they refer to as the florists chrysanthemum world. (Schieffelin, p. 96) They believe that every day they live in coexistence with the mama world which is identical to theirs and a wild-pig from the natural world is actually the reflection of the man in the real world. (Schieffelin, p. 97) This means that if something were to happen to the wild pig in the unseen world, it would inflict the same actions upon the corresponding man in the real world.Through this ideology and ethnical reality, the Kaluli create a balance between the natural world and their own world. At all times there is a coexisting world which reflects their own. Even in goal the Kaluli find balance and seem to face avoid the means of facing great damage and vent. When a person dies, his wild pig aspect disappears from the mama world. His personal life virtueescapes with his last breath and takes on human form in the mama world where it continues a life ver y lots like the one he left.In the visible world, the person now usually appears in the form of a bird or a fish. (Schieffelin, p. 96) As it can be seen, all that happens during the death of a Kaluli is that he becomes a part of nature, and in the mama world the wild pig will become a human. Through this coexisting reality the Kaluli have created for them, the Kaluli reciprocate lives back and forth between the visible and mama world. In such ways, they establish a balance at all time and avoid from feeling a great deal of loss.Language is a very essential role in the lives of the Kaluli people, for it brings to life the culture of reciprocity in their everyday lives. From a very young age, the Kaluli are taught to talk and socialize in ways which expressed their exchanging and gift-giving behaviours. Songs are song about death which reminds the Kaluli the dangers that death brings, because once an individual dies, the act of reciprocating and exchanging comes to an end. (Schieffel in, p. 136) Daily conversation usually revolves around the lines of who had to compensate whom, and what one got in return for something else. Schieffelin, p. 136) Regardless of the abundance of food the Kaluli have to eat, the Kaluli conversation consists of arguments either refusing or accepting food. There are even specific verbs denoted to the exchanging transaction Dimina meaning give, and dima meaning take. (Schieffelin, p. 136) These words are used throughout the daily conversations of the Kaluli helping reify their realities of reciprocity. However, the Kaluli have no specific word for sharing, and thus they only see their relationships through give and take. (Schieffelin, p. 36) Through language and socialization the Kaluli continuously bring to life reciprocity and make it a part of their everyday lives. The Kaluli have come to see the world in a way of balance created by reciprocity, and through these cultural views the Kaluli have built their realities. It is a cultural experience in which the Kaluli form social dependencies in order to establish a stable and supportive way for living. Idea that exchange, as a system of meanings, is involved in the shaping of particular cultural realitiesThrough the management of meaning exchange becomes a vehicle of social obligation. (Schieffelin, p. 503) The Kaluli create an ongoing cycle of gift-giving in which one is always obligated to give back to the other because of maintain a social circle. Through exchange and the reciprocation of labour and food, the Kaluli recognize them in such a manner where balance must always be achieved. This can be witnessed because when the Kaluli cannot be compensated or find a balance or reciprocate feelings, they become frightened, confused, or even lost. (Schieffelin, p. 45) For example, when the Kaluli hear thunder sounds they become angered because it is invisible and unpredictable, and because they cannot be compensated for their anger they are frightened. (Schieffelin, p . 142) The Kaluli are so used to living in a reciprocal based lifestyle, that if they feel like they cannot establish balance or be compensated, they feel as if they are at a loss and feel hopeless. (Schieffelin, p. 142) The Kaluli through language, food, gift-giving, and ceremonies, always seek to find reciprocity in which they can see themselves compensated and at a balance. Bibliography Clark, Dylan. 2011. Lecture 3, ANT204, Sociocultural Anthropology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, kinsfolk 14, 2011. Schieffelin, B. B. (1990). The give and take of everyday life language socialization of Kaluli children. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Schieffelin, E. L. (1980). Reciprocity and the Construction of Reality. Reciprocity and the Construction of RealityReciprocity and the Construction of Reality, 15(3), 502-517. Schieffelin, E. L. (1976). The sorrow of the lonely and the burning of the dancers. New York St. Martins Press.

Mary Street by Peter Skrzynecki Essay

He emigrated to Australia in 1949 with his parents. Most of Skrzyneckis poems are about his life and the change that he has experienced from move to a divers(prenominal) country. In 1951 the family moved to Sydney, to the working-class suburb of Regents Park, where a home had been purchased at 10 Mary course.The poem 10 Mary Street represents change as it shows the comparison between Skrzyneckis life in Poland and his new life in Sydney and how he and his family have had to adapted to their new style of life and how the physical change of moving countries has changed them emotionally. Change is present in this poem as the poet uses the allegory Shut the house like a well-oiled throw out to appreciate the order of daily ritual when departing in the morning.It indicates that the house is secure and protects the family. The simile like adopted children shows that the garden is not like any another(prenominal) garden to them. The language techniques that Skrzynecki uses in this poe m are used to great effect and create a level of connection between the reader and Skrzyneckis and how his life was.Some of the techniques used are Similies A simile is a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another of a different kind, as an illustration or ornament, the effect that a simile has in a poem is that it paints a picture in our minds as a simile is a descriptive set of words e. g. And smoked like a dozen Puffing Billies Personification A figure of speech that gives human qualities to plume ideas, animals, and inanimate objects. It affects the reader by creating empathy, and allows the reader to associate with the poem and the message in it e. g. In its china blue coat

Financial Aid is Not Always the Answer Essay

The United States is known for getting involved in personal business that does non concern them all in the name of foreign policy. Nonetheless, its stance regarding its foreign policies crap undoubtedly helped other nations especially those economically-challenged at the same cartridge holder serving the US own interest. However, its policy in relation to Armenia and the so-called Armenian Genocide is nil to the least. As it is the United States aim to help Armenia, it has not yet officially recognized that the Armenian Genocide indeed occurred.Admittedly, democracy in Armenia is steady a work in progress and it still has a long way to go especially now that elections are set this year. The United States despite its hesitation to fully acknowledge the atrocities committed by the Turks in 1915 and even until now against the Armenians, can nevertheless help in aiding Armenia and put a stop to the Armenian genocide. There is no easy way except to go head on. The first step would b e to appoint and send an Ambassador that fully knows and figures the situation and plight of the Armenians.When John Evans, Ambassador to Armenia used the cry genocide in public to describe the deaths of some 1. 2 million Armenians at the hands of the Ottoman Turks, this prompted a controversy that eventually cost Evans his job. Although none of the Ambassadors, other than Evans has affirmed and recognized the Armenian genocide during Senate confirmation hearings, it is imperative that the members of the diplomatic corps or nominees for the ambassador post must recognize and understand as well as refer to the Armenian genocide.Once this is done, other forms as well as policies of aiding will soon follow. Nonetheless, it cannot be denied that despite the back up sent by the United States, totaling to $75 million seemed to be not working at all. In fact, instead of going back to their national homeland, Armenians have left the country, including the 30 percent of its working popula tion. The country is wrought with corruption and penury and despite the immense aid provided from foreign sources, the country seems like it has mediocre recovered from the genocide.Hence, in order to help the Armenians, change must start from within the country because admittedly even if foreign aid would still continue, it would still be useless considering that the money for aid sent is not used for the growth of the country. The United States has supported the Georgians and the Ukrainians in their quest for change in their several(prenominal) countries.If it will support, even encourage the Armenians in its quest for a revolutionary and peaceful change, through its policies, perhaps it could help the Armenians who are still languishing in poverty and corruption. Therefore, the financial aid that it is providing for the Armenians is not the way to aid the Armenians and the victims of genocide. It is to help them shape their internal policies and shape the country into a clean and habitable homeland.The bottom take in for this is if we really want to help the Armenians and the victims of genocide, then it is imperative that we recognize what happened in 1915 as it is genocide in the least. The Armenian Genocide undoubtedly has prompted the first large-scale international human rights movement in the United States and financial aid is not just enough, we have make sure that this does not happen again, not only in Armenia but in other countries as well to which the United States has vested interests.

Pride and Prejudice Argumentative Essay Essay

lead off I Select three of the identity categories below and establish or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for distributively Race Ethnicity Religion Gender Sexual orientation Age Disability folk Stereotype 1 Stereotype 2 Stereotype 3 Religion Fanatical Christians Islam extremists All mormons ar poligamists Gender Men should never cry Women puke be in power because of Pink is for girls their periods Age As you get older you ceasenot learn Older pile are not as smashing as Old people are not interested in new things younger people sex .Part II Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? Some stereotypes eat been found to have a positive view of certain groups by other minority groups, Asian Americans are admired for placing a high value on noetic and professional achievement and having strong family ties, Hispanic Americans p iss deep pride in their culture and work hard to achieve a better support (R.Schaefer, 2012), African Americans have made a valuable contribution to American Society and will work hard when given a chance (National convocation of Christians and Jews 1994).Another positive aspect of stereotyping (and I had to dig to find it) is that middle-class or afflcuent African Americans feelings of self esteem and self-image are more positive than those of equal Whites. Our text does not tell us why just that it has been measured and exists and that one positive aspect. What are the negative aspects of stereotypes?Stereotyping has caused people to view certain groups of people in a negative light, even though people do not express such views openly, mischief and stereotyping still exists. In an article compose by Tim Giago, National Media Should Stop Using Obscene Words, Tim describes how the term Redskins is so readily used in football and how derogatory it is to hear for inwrought Ameri cans. He the likens the use of this term to such terms as nigger, gook, kike, and wop, and expresses how ridiculous it is to hear the fans doing the tomahawk chop.This is youthful day stereotyping in a negative way and it should be stopped. Why do large corporations have the right to offend and stereotype? This should be stopped. Part III Answer each question in 50 to 150 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. Define stereotypes and prejudice. What is the difference in the midst of stereotyping and prejudice? Use examples to illustrate the differences. According to Racial and Ethnic Groups, by R. Schaefer, stereotypes are unreliable, exaggerated generalizations about all members of a group that do not take individual differences into account.Prejudice is a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, such as a racial or ethnic minority. The difference between prejudices and stereotypes is that prejudice is learned over time by people who influence a person as they are growing up and books, movies, Internet and tv also play a part in a person becoming prejudice. Stereotypes are beliefs about people which are generally accepted that are based on something previously accepted about them. Examplese of some stereotypes are all women are bitches, or all Arabs are terrorists.Examples of prejudices are being afraid(p) if you are on the bus and see a mentally ill person get on the bus because you are afraid that they may make up violient. Statistic show that mentally ill people are no more or less prone to violence than normal people, please see this linkup about mental illness and violence http//depts. washington. edu/mhreport/facts_violence. php What is the relationship between stereotyping and prejudice? Stereotyping and prejudice are not the same but can seem equivalent in a way, however the difference is important.There can be a stereotype about girls only like pink and boys only like to play with guns bu t a prejudice is when you are racist or have a negative attitude toward an entire category of people (R. Schaefer, 2012). What can be done to prevent prejudice from occurring? Diversity training and awareness is a way to prevent prejudice from occurring in the workplace. Education about miscellanea is a way to prevent it at schools. Much studying has been done about the prevention of prejudice but unfortunately if the training and/or genteelness is not followed up with practice and further education and training it can lead to people going back to their old habits.This means that we must be diligent about fighing prejudice in our society, in our homes, at work, and in our schools. www. wikipedia. org Religious fanaticism http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Religious_fanaticism Main Street Plaza www. latterdaymainstreet. com A Community for Anyone implicated in Mormonism. Religious Stereotypes Venn Diagram According To Google Expanded Mormon Edition www. religious-stereotypes-venn-diagr am-according-to-google-expanded-mormon-edition Cracked. com 5 Gender Stereotypes That Used To Be the Exact Opposite By J. F. Sargent April 24, 2012.http//www. cracked. com/article_19780_5-gender-stereotypes-that-used-to-be-exact-opposite. hypertext mark-up languageixzz2KNtJBSML www. discoveryfit&health. com 10 Stereotypes About Aging (That Just Arent True) by Tom Scheve and Christine Venzon http//health. howstuffworks. com/wellness/aging/aging-process/5-stereotypes-about-aging6. htm Racial and Ethnic Groups, Thirteenth edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Merrill Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Vichy France and Eisenhower

Eisenhowers moral reason in handling the Darlan place involved several key principles of a traditional ethic for the host profession. Specifically, Eisenhower demonstrated service to country subordinating personal interest to charge attainment and promoted and safeguarded the well-being of subordinates in making decisions regarding this politically sensitive case. Eisenhower was well aware going into the Torch campaign of the strategic significance of allied victory in the early stages of the war.The potential for French reaction and Vichy government resistance to invasion of their North African colonies was all too real. Eisenhower clearly understood that Darlan would be a key strategic center of gravity for controlling potential Vichy resistance. As Churchill noted, Kiss Darlans stern if you have to, but get the French navy blue(page 354). As a result, the Darlan deal Eisenhower orchestrated resulted in a cease-fire agreement between French and Allied forces in exchange for ap presenting Darlan as military governor or high commissioner of North Africa, much to the outrage of the British and American governments.In analyzing Eisenhowers moral reasoning in getting to such a deal, there are two specific principles of the traditional ethic to consider. The first is the principle of service to country where personal interests are subordinate to requirements of the profession and to mission accomplishments. Eisenhower was given orders from his civilian bosses, to include FDR, to use whatever means necessary to resolve the French problem. He accordingly knew that Darlan, once the Giraud option failed, was his completely option.He understood the decision on the deal would be politically controversial but that to accomplish the mission, it was necessary. In this case, Eisenhower demonstrated the moral courage to make a tough decision where leadership would not equate to likership and he expected that criticism would ensue. The second moral principle Eisenhower demonstrated was to promote and safeguard the welfare of his subordinates as persons, not merely asSoldiers, Sailors or Airmen. Here Eisenhower kept in mind what he needed to do to save the lives of his men, not the careers of statesmen. He maintained a Soldiers perspective, not a political perspective. With regards to Darlan, he knew this guy can stop the fighting and nobody else can (page 355). He in any case understood that winning the favor of Darlan would directly impact the success of Torch by allowing uncontested access to key terrain and facilities.For example, he knew that use of airfields at capital of Tunisia and Bizerte, both French controlled, would help achieve overarching goals in North Africa and again save the lives of his men. On the surface, Eisenhowers actions in handling the Darlan deal may point to poor and hasty decision making from a novice Allied Commander early in the war. Further analysis reveals Eisenhowers skills and ethical reasoning were largely at play. Ultimately, he believed the deal would save the lives of his men, accomplish the mission and he was willing to assume risk and accept blame for it.

Emma Goldman

You can n of all time imagine a world without Emma G matureman. Emma Goldman died on May 14, 1940. Emma dedicated her life to the creation of a radically social order. Also, she embraced anarchism for its spate and it offered liberty, harmony, and social Justice. She had a deep commitment to absolute freedom and that led her to espouse a range of controversial causes. Goldman was a radical thinker. Forty age on she is more than emblematic, she is iconic. Emma Goldman was born in the imperial city of Russia of Kovno on June 27, 1869. Emmas mother Taube was married to a man when he was 15 years old He later died and she was left with two children.Emmas mother had a second marriage arranged to Abraham Goldman. First of all, when Emma was a child she constantly was abused by her stepfather when she displeased him. Emma was uncontrollable and rebellious to her stepfather Ill kill that brat, he often said. (Gornick 7). Also, the family constantly moved from Konovo to Konigsberg to Peter sburg. Emmas nurture was very limited. Although she passed the exam to secondary school, she was denied the character computer address necessary for admission. The religion teacher declared her a terrible child who would grow into a worse woman (Gornick 7. When Emma became 12 years old education came to an end for her. When Emma was 16 years old her father told her it was time for her to get married and he would arrange this. She begged once more to return to school alternatively of getting married. Emma begged her father to immigrate to the get together States with her sister Helena they both wanted to Join their older sister Lena already living in upstate New York. She had threated suicide to her stepfather because her stepfather did not let her immigrate and later he let her go. In 1885, Emma immigrated to the joined States and settled in Rochester, New York.She began working in clothing factories in 1886 and by the age of fifteen she worked in a corset factory. Also, Emma wor ked 10 hours a day and Emma only made two and a half dollars a week. Emma met Joseph Kershner at one of her Jobs and he also shared a love for books and hatred for work. She was only 18 years old when he had convinced her that they should marry. Moreover, she learned that he was depressed and he was attracted to Emma because he thought his vitality would rescue from himself. She sued him for divorce and left him within a few months of their wedding.By 1889, she create anarchist ideas. Her speeches attracted attention in the United States. Emma formed a close association with Alexander Beckman who was imprisoned during 1892 for attempting to assassinate Henry Clay Flink during the Homestead marque Strike. Beckman was Goldmans first real love. Hecklers suppressed her lectures. Also, police officers would suppress her speeches and writing. pull downtually, she was arrested so often that she began to carry a book wherever she went because she feared sitting in Jail with secret code to read.Emma was arrested in New York City in 1893 for inciting a riot when a group of unemployed workers reacted to a speech she had given. Goldman embarked on tours in Europe and the United States after her release from prison. In 1906, she had founded Mother Earth, a Moreover, in 1908 Goldmans naturalization as a citizen was revoked by a legal stratagem. She had published Anarchism and other essays two years later. Emma Goldman went to Jail because she spoke freely on birth control. When World War I broke out in Europe she opposed United States involvement and she later agitated against military conscription.In June 1917 she was sentenced for two years for these activities. In 1901, Leon Czologosz claiming he was acting under Goldmans influence, assassinated Although she had not been involved and only met him briefly, she was arrested directly as an accomplice. Lack of evidence eventually forced the authorities to release her from prison. In September 1919 she was caught in hyst eria over a largely unreal network of communist operatives. Emma was called Red Emma because she was declared a subversive alien and she was deported to the Soviet Union. She did not stay there for very long.Two years after take out she ecounted her experiences in her book My Disillusionment in Russia (1923). Goldman was an advocate for birth control, workers rights, equality, sexual freedom, and independence for women. Also, she was either harassed or arrested anytime she gave a lecture and she was also ban outright for speaking sometimes. Goldman had become a prominent fgure as a woman in the fght for freedom in America, for economic freedom for women, racial education, and anti-militarism Even though Emma was hostile against religion she had core beliefs emerging from a Jewish tradition that had championed a universal Justice.Emma applied her ideas about free love to women, men, homosexuals, and heterosexuals consistently. Emma believed that individuals should sneak in into and leave personal relationships with no constraints, a view determined by her commitment to the principle of absolute freedom and her experience of a failed marriage. She stated, If I ever love a man again I will give myself to him without organism bound by the rabbi or the law, and when that love dies, I will leave without permission. (Goldman 1889). Goldman helped launch the No Conscription League in May 1917, soon after the entry into World War .She and Berkman were arrested for conspiring against the draft in 1917. Emma had argued her actions far from being anti American, were intended to prompt her adopted country to live up to its own ideas. Emma believed that the United States they had no right to make a war and she was a pacifist. Also, rather than organizing a conspiracy to obstruct the draft, she said, she had been claiming to exercise her rights to free rights and she had been educating her audiences about conscientious objection. After Goldmans release she was re arres ted on the order of the young J.Edgar Hoover, who had persuaded the courts to cut across Goldmans citizenship. In 1920 she and Beckman had questioned the Soviet leader on the lack of freedom of speech and the press and the persecution of anarchists in Soviet Russia. Goldman spent the rest of her days in discharge from the United States wandering through Sweden, Germany, France, England, and Canada. In 1925, she married an English Coal Miner but it was only a formality to obtain her British citizenship. In the 1920s and 1930s she struggled economically and was frustrated by the restrictions on her status as an xile on political activities.Also, she engaged herself in literary projects and in 1931 she wrote an narrative Living My Life. Emma became increasingly concerned about the rising tide of Fascism and Nazism. The next several years she lectured Canada where she worked to gain asylum for Spanish refugees and helped foreign born radicals imperil with deportation to fascist coun tries. For example in July 1936, when the Spanish American War erupted Goldman supported the Loyalist cause with an enthusiasm reminiscent of her early years in America. In addition, narchists had succeeded in receiving popular support in parts of Spain.

Private and Public Culture: Redefining the Borders Essay

Although defining last into a universal definition that fits every social or academic mold can be a daunting task (Fischer, 2007), it is base hit to say that every person in this population belongs to a certain culture. Recent trends in the demographics of the States show exactly the possibility of separate cultures interacting, thereby indicating that multiple cultures flourish on that part of the world (Kim, 2001). In a larger sense, each country across the globe is hearthstone to a widely variety of cultures.The people who belong to each of these cultures certainly scram their own cultural affiliations and the groups of people in each community also have their own as a collective body. As a result, a person, according to Richard Rodriguez, can become psyche who is a part of a crowd and some iodine who is distinct from it. But is there really a distinction between public culture and sequestered culture to begin with? To say the least, the notion of a private culture presum es the existence of a culture that is isolated in nature and is different from other cultures.A private culture, therefore, is one that is exclusive and cannot be easily absorbed by a foreign entity. If there ar private culturesindeed, if there are isolated and exclusive culturesit is difficult to understand why cultures sometimes overlap with one another, why one culture shares several basic yet significant characteristics with other cultures, or why people have the tendency to absorb other cultures when the necessity and the situation call for it?I think there are no innate differences between public and private cultures simply because the notion of culture, in my opinion, is a land of the mind. Culture is something that is conditioned during the extent of a persons life. It is something that is taught and passed-on from one generation to the next as a mental idea that seeks to differentiate the self within the group from other groups. In reality, that pass on of mind is only an excuse for intolerance when there should be no reason to sow hate or indifference on the basis of cultural distinctions.Such distinctions do not carry existent value that is worth propagating for we live in a world where the only culture that exists is the culture of humanity. That beingness said, there is a take on for college students to search for more than what we have at home simply because the home is not a bottomless source of information. To know the world virtually and appreciate it in its altogether us is to go beyond the limitations imposed by the social institution of family.The task of understanding the endure of humanity requires us to step out of the comfort zones provided by homes and to come face-to-face with people around us. There is the culture called humanity waiting to be explored outside the home. The foundation that our families provide is incomplete in much the same way as that which society and our peers expect of us is similarly partial. There is demand to explore both areas because they are two sides of the same coin in a manner of speaking. Initially, we are armed with information provided to us by our families.To develop into more complete human beings, we need to meet more comprehensive information from other sources such as formal learning institutions and social groups. However, breaking away from our families does not mean abandoning them altogether for the sake of living a more rounded life. mend it is true that we need to severe ourselves from the clutches of our families at some point in time, it does not inescapably mean that we also have to totally forget them or leave them behind never to sire again.What is needed is to learn to remove the limits imposed to us by our families in our attempt to understand the society and the rest of humanity while not failing to remember our so-called roots and tap them whenever the need arises. References Fischer, M. M. J. (2007). Culture and Cultural Analysis as Experime ntal Systems. Cultural Anthropology, 22(1), 1-65. Kim, E. Y. (2001). The Yin and Yang of American Culture A Paradox. capital of the United Kingdom Intercultural Press.

Resilience: Problem Solving and Child

Explain why resilience is so important CYP 3. 3 6. 2 SCMP2 1. 3 CYP 3. 3 6. 1 CYP 3. 3 6. 4 CYP 3. 3 6. 3 What is resilience? resiliency is the cap great power to adapt to adversity and cope with living in spite of stresses. Building resilience is building the ability to bounce back and adapt to all kinds of adversity, including trauma, tragedy, threats, setbacks and stress.Children at some time in their lives will hear stress and trauma, but by building resilience, chelaren are better able to manage stress and feelings of trouble and uncertainty. Resilience is important because it is the human capacity to face, deluge and be strengthened or even modify by the adversities of life. And adversity affects us all at some time in our lives. Resilient electric shaverren take in ways to solve their problems xercise control over negative thoughts and take responsibility for choosing how to act and feel are more likely to shake great deal to talk to and confide in when something w orries them have inner strength, kindly and inter-personal skills, and skills in communicating effectively require parents and carers to model hot behaviours and admirer set up resilience finished words, actions and the environment, in which they are being raised like to try new things, enjoy a gainsay need supervision, support and boundaries feel they can succeed ersist with a task and persevere have a sense of optimism believe their contribution can make a difference to an push throughcome like service of process people possess a sense of fun. Ways we can raise a childs confidence, resilience and eudaemonia Resilience draws on aspects of a childs characteristics including temperament and the environment in which they are raised and supported. It also includes people and opportunities that assistance build resilience, forexample independence, autonomy and problem understand. Strategies for building resilience can be larn over time.Learning to think positively and in pers pective means a child can not only cope with problems and setbacks. It also means children have opportunities to learn how to build strengths that protect and promote well-being. To outstrip adversity and build resilience, children ideally require unconditional love and acceptance some autonomy over their lives trusting relationships with significant adults feelings of independence secure relationships and strong role models to care foster friendships and commitment a safe and stable environment self-confidence and faith in themselves and their world.All these things help to build resilience. Helping to promote resilience A childs ability to build resilience is dependent on their age and stage of development. Babies and toddlers have limited physical and emotional competence compared with eight-year old. However, helping a child to feel secure and confident(p) can begin at birth. For babies and toddlers Provide safety, security, stability and nurturephysically, verbally and emoti onally. Rock, stroke, soothe and cuddle often. manipulation words of comfort to calm. Allow babies freedom to explore in safety. Encourage toddlers to calm themselves.Model optimistic and resilient behaviour. Talk with toddlers and preschoolers roughly what adversity and setbacks mean. Reinforce a childs faith in their own problem solving skills. Set limits for behaviour and differentiate the behaviour, not the child. Offer explanations regarding rules and discipline. Praise the accomplishment of tasks and milestones. Encourage independence. Help your child to recognise feelings and develop language to express emotions. Build on the security of trusted relationships. Source inhibit picture books from your local library. Know and work with your childs temperament.Help your child stick to a daily routine. For preschoolers and older children crap unconditional support, nurturing and encouragement. Encourage and help your child practise calming strategies. Model self-esteem, confid ence and optimism. Talk about appropriate behaviours. Encourage independent thought and action. Build on developing an emotional vocabulary and how to label feelings. Help your child to understand their own temperament and why they might react in a certain way to a particular situation. Practise effective ways to resolve conflict at school or in the playground.Talk about ways that a child can seek help and assistance if needed. Spend time every day talking, discussing and sharing whats happening in your childs life. Model and study attitudes of empathy and ways of caring. Explain that all behaviour has consequences. Provide comfort in stressful situations. Praise unblemished tasks, work well done, perseverance, desired behaviours. Discuss accepting responsibility for behaviour and why discipline is obligate to limit some behaviours. Clarify expectations, rules and regulations (especially for school).Accept that failure happens and talk about ways your child can overcome feelings of failure and try again. Discuss and support emerging independence and autonomy as your child develops, and how this balances out with age-appropriate limitations. Be flexible with routines so that your child has time and opportunity to be creative. Teach your child how to way on something else if they are worried or upset. Discuss what it means to be a friend and help your child to make friends. Explain the importance of eating properly, resting, exercising and self care.Help your child to see that their psyche accomplishments contribute to the well-being of the family as a whole. Why is important to teach them skills to keep them safe? Resilience is coping with change, and for many young children change can be stressful and scary. Helping a child to keep things in perspective and understand why change is an inevitable part of life, will help them to navigate and bounce back from tough times and move forward to better times. Wherever possible, reckon that children have uncondit ional support and stability from their family or caring network.

Spansion apart

Spansion (China) Ltd. bears hiters at its plant in Chinas Suzhou Industrial place many of the same employee benefits as scores of another(prenominal) nearby factories. What pay backs Spansion apart from the pack is the oversight genius of its 47- class-old capital of Singaporean chief executive officer, Loh Poh Chye. some factories in the park, which is east of the city of Suzhou in the province of Jiangsu, offer medical plans, in-house training programs and promise to treat employees like family, says Mr. Loh. But to me the difference is how you do it and how you engage the employees.I suppose you have to show them its not unspoilt slogans you have to walk the walk. That philosophy propelled Spansion to No. 1 this division in the Best Employers in Asia succeed by human-resources consultancy Hewitt Associates. Spansion sucks flash-memory products used in consumer electronics such as high-definition video recording sets and MP3 players. Headquartered in California, it employs 1,300 mass in China and is a joint venture between Advanced little Devices Inc. of the U. S. and japans Fujitsu Ltd. It is listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market. One of the first things Mr.Loh did at Spansion was to put in place a management team that thinks like he does. He also runs a mentoring program that pairs omnibuss with someone two or three tiers below. And he gives each division a budget to fund an activity verbotenside work such as a group dinner or a community-service oriented activity. Twice a month, Mr. Loh joins a dozen or so manufacturing plant workers in the companys cafeteria to talk ab break through staff issues ranging from pay scales to calling goals to the quality of the empennageteens food. So far, his strategy is working. Staff turnover in Suzhou Industrial Park bonnied 30% last year, Mr.Loh says, scarcely Spansions rate was half that, even though its pay scales lag some other companies in the park. Hewitt Associates conducts its po rallyion ev ery two age. It go awayed the surveys in Asia in 2001 and this years involved 772 companies and 160,000 employees in seven markets. excessively China, Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore, Hewitt added for the first time Australia and New Zealand, which are treated as a single market, and Japan and India. In addition to quizzing CEOs and their human-resources segments, Hewitt does random polls of employees.The data is then evaluated by independent judging panels appointive by Hewitt, and winners selected. It comes down to getting the basic things right, besides most companies seem to let a pickle of stuff get in the way of that, says Andrew Bell, head of Hewitt Associates regional talent and organizational consulting practice. Everyone these days ordain say our people are really important but when you get inside these winning organizations, theres a trench philosophical belief about that and it starts with the CEO, and cascades from there. Joining Spansion at the top of Hew itts survey are common chord on the Bund, a company that runs four restaurants, a spa, an art gallery and high-end retail outlets in an historical building in Shanghai, and the Ritz-Carlton hotel in Hong Kong. Hotels usually rate highly in the best employers survey and this year five of the top 10 are hotel companies. According to Hewitts research, hotels often top the survey because they have to be the best kind of employer. Every employee from housekeeping staff to bellhops has contact with the customers, and one bad experience with a maid can ruin a hotel stay.Hotel managers must engage and motivate each employee, not just top-tier managers. So, top-tier hotels are run on the premise that employee satisfaction leads to guest satisfaction. Hotels also offer great mobility They take to the woods to hire from within and value customer-service experience, which is gained in every hotel job, as much as formal education. A bellhop, for instance, can work across and up to become a food and beverage manager. Indeed, Hewitts latest survey shows that workers from all industries rate recognition and career prospects far above pay. The Ritz-Carlton in Hong Kong, like other hotels in the U.S. chain, has an effective communication program, Hewitt says. Managers meet with employees in their team at morning meetings to brief them on whats waiver on with the hotel that day. At these daily meetings, Ritz-Carlton managers acknowledge staff whove done something to stand out. They also read out the companys employee pledge Our ladies and gentlemen are the most important resource. The company backs that up with human-resource programs to help employees identify areas of strength and set career goals, and provides training to help them achieve those things.As part of our culture and philosophy, we constantly encourage innate growth as we strongly believe in talent retention and development, says Mark Lettenbichler, general manager of the Ritz-Carlton Hong Kong. With succe ssion planning, we nurture and maximize talent, creating long-term careers and eventually building employee loyalty and commitment. The Ritz-Carltons human-resources policies also offer a lesson for companies in other industries. In an environment where everyone counts and anyone can climb the career ladder, employees are likely to be more committed and work harder, says Hewitts Mr.Bell. That translates into profit. Hewitts survey shows that companies that engage their employees have stronger earnings. The top 20 companies in this years survey have had 75% higher revenue growth than the rest over the past three years their productivity was 67% higher, and their profit growth 38% higher than other survey respondents. For Mr. Loh, a factory full of committed workers is well worth the extra effort he and his managers put in. Its not eternally about doing what employees want, he says often its simply communicating clearly why the company is doing what its doing.Newly hired employees s ometimes gripe about Spansions pay. But Mr. Loh says good communication is key to keeping employees happy. We have to be good and tell them we are not the highest paymaster because we cant afford to be. We dont blindly pay the top market rate but we do pay for performance, says Mr. Loh. So those who stand out get higher pay, and those who are below average get lower pay. And when an employee complains that a colleague has been promoted above him or her, Mr. Loh challenges the employee to pursue a promotion, rather than sit back and wait to be singled out by a manager.We are always willing to offer training to someone whos motivated, or move someone to a new segment, laterally, to work across and up in a new area, he says. Sometimes when I say this, they start to get self-conscious they dont want to move out of their comfort zone. I tell them not to put all their career movements in the hands of the company (you) have to take ownership, discuss it with your supervisor, show y our capacity and get out of your comfort zone. Feedback is another big part of Mr. Lohs management strategy.Employees in Hewitts survey say they like to be able to make suggestions, but dont like it when feedback forms are met with silence. Members of Mr. Lohs management team encourage staff to make suggestions on the company intranet, and respond to each individual suggestion, regardless of whether it is implemented. The affinity level between myself and my department managers is very high. Were all very close not just a friendship kind of close, but more than that we spend a lot of time talking, and they can read my mind and I can read theirs, Mr. Loh says.His managers have taken a page from his book two years after Mr. Loh came to Spansion, department managers starting holding cafeteria chats of their own once a month. Mr. Loh, who joined Advanced Micro Devices in Singapore 1984, started reading ancient Chinese texts for management tips in a bid to better connect with his emplo yees when he was posted to China in 2001. Theres a saying in Chinese attack the heart preferably of the castle. Management is about winning and managing the heart of a person then that person will start to believe in the vision you have. Of course, thats got to be accompanied by proper compensation and benefits, he adds. Most of the traditional Chinese literature talks about management style that focuses on managing the hearts and wound up qualities of a person, instead of the hard stuff, says Mr. Loh. I feel that it is in the blood of the old Chinese people they value culture, they value a people-oriented style of management, and I think that carries over to this new generation.

Global Citizenship †Towards a Definition

orbiculate Citizenship Towards a Definition Taso G. Lagos secure nurtureed under Taso G. Lagos. Permission to cite should be directed to the author. Abstract Global protest operation is on the chute. Demonstrations in Seattle in 1999, Genoa in 2001 and in dozens of otherwise sites brought activists unneurotic from around the humanityly concern and localized globular issues in unprecedented ways. These and other activities suggest the possibility of an emerging ball-shaped citizenry. Individuals from a wide variety of nations, both in the North and South, move across boundaries for various activities and reasons.This trans guinea pig action mechanism is facilitated by the festering ease of belong and by communication fostered by the Internet and telephony. spot it is threatening to quantify these numbers, or to give reality(prenominal) citizens a legally defined governmental status, these qualifications do non obviate the existence and influence of transnational activists seeking new institutional forms in an interdependent beingness. We get word globular citizens as active political, social, environmental or economic agents in an interdependent area in which new institutional forms beyond nations argon beginning to emerge.Introduction By itself, citizenship has certain legal and democratic overt adepts. Conceptually, it is enwrapped up in rights and stipulations, and in owing allegiance to a self-reliant affirm whose causality is bear by the citizenry yet with rights that be shared by all outgrowths of that state. We distinguish citizen from national or subject, the latter twain implying protection of a state. Citizenship, as it has add together down to us via the ancient Greeks and Romans, via the Enlightenment, and the American and French Revolutions, is tied into the emergence of members of a commandment with specified privileges and duties.To spill of a citizen is thus to speak of individuals with distinct kinds to the state, along with the social status and power these relationships imply. The lift the citizen concept into the world(a) sphere presents difficulties, non least(prenominal) of which is that orbicular citizens are not legal members in good standing with a sovereign state. More importantly, there are no recognizable privileges and duties associated with the concept that would envelop global citizenship with the status and power (in an ideal world) currently associated with national citizenship.Since modern nation-states are the repositories and main converseion of citizenship, discussion of global citizenship necessarily dictates an existence outdoors the consistency politic as we know it. If we follow Prestons (1997) stupefy of citizenship (who belongs to the polity, how the members of the polity in general are regarded and how they exercise power), then global citizenship cannot be expressed in any legal sense. It is, however, expressed in other ways that whitethorn have a meaningful and profound tint on the development of civic engagement and citizen-state relations.Three examples are worth mentioning. Since January 1, 2000, negotiations amongst WTO member states regarding the individual(a) road of professionals to and from member countries has taken place, under the General Agreement on Trade in Services, Article XIX. plot of ground this does not signal de facto recognition of trans-national citizens, it whitethorn indicate halting steps toward it. This is all the more meaning(a) given that around the globe there is greater and easier movement of goods than human beings.The European Community has taken halting steps to qualifying this it allows the free movement of its piles to live, work, pay taxes and, significantly, to vote in other member states. Habermas (1994) notes this as a utilitarian model that may have greater implications than merely for Europeans it is possible the model may be expanded in other regions of the world, or t o the entire world itself. The ability of a Spaniard to pick up and move to Ger umpteen and be a citizen there indicates that notions of ties a country of origin may weaken.The Spaniard may be quite happy spirit in Germany and not wish to go underpin to Spain. Is she still a Spaniard, a German, or now a global citizen? Finally, there is the rising flow of individuals with more than one passport. Where once the U. S. State De contributionment frowned on its citizens carrying more than one passport, the reality is that instantly that it is turning a blind eye. (In war, this may change). Many immigrants to the U. S. in the 1990s, a decade that saw the largest influx of newcomers to the state, came to work but still retained their old passports.While many immigrants permanently stay in the U. S. , many others either go back to the old country, or operate back and forth. If not global citizens, what check do we give them? T. H. Mars student residence (1949), in his classic study o n citizenship, noted that citizenship as it arose in occidental liberal democracies has both positive and negative connotations. In the positive sense, citizenship is an expression of activism on the part of citizens in its negative quality, it is the freedom from bureaucratic control and intervention.If his theory is true, where does global citizenship fit into it? Very nicely it would seem. A visible expression of global citizenship is the many global activists who debuted spectacularly at the competitiveness in Seattle. These protestors continue to carry on in other venues, much(prenominal) as at meetings for the orbit strand and the IMF, and most recently at the Summit of the Americas in Quebec City. Other activists fight for environmental protection, human rights to the necessitous and the unrepresented, and for restrictions on the use of nuclear power and nuclear weapons.Freedom from bureaucratic intervention seems to be a authentication of global citizenship the overl eap of a world body to sanction and protect these citizens in addition means to a certain degree freedom from bureaucratic control. To return to our Spaniard, how much control does Spain exercise over her when she lives in Germany? Towards a Definition Since global citizens are not recognized legally, their existence may be ruff represented as associatively. 1. Global citizenship is less defined by legal sanction than by associational status that is different from national citizenship.Since there is no global bureaucracy to give sanction and protect global citizens, and despite intriguing models suggested by the EU, global citizenship remains the purview of individuals to live, work and play indoors trans-national norms and status that defy national boundaries and sovereignty. Assocational status in this realm does double duty. It serves to explain a rummy characteristic of global citizenship while it also expresses that particular lighthouse of post-modernity known as lifestyl e politics. (Giddens, 1991, Bennett, 2000, et al) Steenbergen (1994) so far comes closest to explaining this relationship betwixt global citizenry and lifestyle politics as more sociological in composition. Rather than a technical definition of a citizen on his or her relationship to the state (p. 2), Steenbergen suggests that the global citizen represents a more wholistic version you choose where you work, live or play, and therefore are not tied down to your belt down of birth. The greater number of prime(a)s offered by modern life (from consumer roducts to politics) lies at the root of lifestyle politics. (Franck, 1999) As Falk (1994) put it, in global citizenship there is the rudimentary institutional reflection of arenas and allegiance what many persons are really identifying with as no longer bounded by or centred upon the formal relationship that an individual has to his or her own territorial society as embodied in the form of a state. Traditional citizenship is being c hallenged and remoulded by the important activism associated with this trans-national political and social evolution. 1994 138) Traditional ties between citizen and the state are withering, and are re situated by more fragmented loyalties that explain lifestyle politics. Notions of ties between citizen and state that arose in the aftermath of the American and French Revolution, and the creation of the modern state after the 18th century no longer hold sway. It is not by coincidence, for example, that the first to receive the enfranchisement were adult males who also happened to serve in American and French armies. (Kaspersen, 1998) The citizen army directly is replaced by the professional army, and a key cog in the bonds between state and citizen removed.Voting turnout decreases, and the public has low regard for politicians. With such slow down ties between citizen and state, does the emergence of global citizenship seem farfetched? Many of newly emerging global citizens are ac tively engaged in global efforts whether in business ventures, environmentalism, concern for nuclear weapons, health or immigration problems. Rather than citizenship, being the upshot of rights and obligations granted by a central authority, the lack of such authority gives primacy to the global citizens themselves not a top-down but a down-up scenario. . While various types of global citizens exist, a common thread to their emergence is their base in grassroots activism. We may identify different types of global citizens, yet many of these categories are best summarized by their emergence despite a lack of any global governing body. It is as if they have spontaneously erupted of their own volition. Falk (1994) identified five categories of global citizens which he named as, global reformers elite global business people global environmental managers politically cognizant regionalists trans-national activistsWith the exception of global business people, the other categories h ave grassroots activism at their core. i If the Battle in Seattle is an applicable demonstration, these activists are responsible for their own activism rather than granted by an institution. This earmarks global citizenship as qualitatively different from the national variety, where rights and obligations came (even when fought and protested for) at the behest and generosity of the state. With global citizenship, individuals exercise communicational and organizational tools such as the Internet to make themselves global citizens.No government sanctioned this development. None, it seems, could. Jacobson (1996) noted this fracture of the state as dispenser of citizen rights and obligations, although he sees the decline of overall citizenship as a result. Keck and Sikkink (1998) on the other hand, regard such global activism as a possible new engine of civic engagement. These global activists, or cosmopolitan fraternity of individuals (p. 213) as they call them, transcend national bo rders and skillfully use nip tactics against both government and private corporations that make them viable actors on the merging global public sphere. A striking example of this pressure is the rise-publicized anti-sweatshop campaign against Nike. Literally dozens of websites are devoted to exposing Nikes labor practices in manufacturing shoes in overseas factories. In 1996, with the aid of Global Exchange, a humanitarian organization that later helped to organize the Battle in Seattle, Nikes labor practices became the subject of increase mainstream media attention. In the process, Nike was linked to sweatshop labor, a label it has tested to shed ever since.Is the Internet central in the development of these emerging global activists? The Internet and other technologies such as the cell phone play an instrumental role in the development of global activists, as do easy and cheap air travel and the wide use and acceptance of assent cards. But there are other forces at work decline in civic engagement, rise of lifestyle politics, homogenization of products, conglomeration in media systems and communicational tools that let us know more some each other than ever before.Add to the mix the rising concern for universal human rights and for trans-global problems such as environmental degradation and global warming, the result is a landscape that tends to be more global than national. This is not the first time in the history of our civilization that society has been internationalized, but never has it been easier for average citizen to express herself in this globalized fashion by the clothes she wears, soda she drinks, music she listens to (e. g. world music) and vacation land she visits.It is increasingly obvious that our identities, as Lie and Servaes (2000) and Scammell (2001) suggest, are tied to our roles as citizens. Scammells citizen-consumers vote with their purchases and are engaged in their communities to the extent they have the freedom to shop. Enga gement, in this modern sense, is as audience members at a play clapping at the high points of drama. Can we say this is true of global citizenship? The express is scanty to make such judgment if global activists are replaced by global citizens-consumers the sea change will be complete. 3. Global citizens may redefine ties between civic engagement and geography.The town hall meetings of New England and other regions of the U. S. seem increasingly supplanted by electronic spheres not limited by musculus quadriceps femoris and time. This heralds a potentially startling new mechanism in participatory democracy. If we return to the Spaniard living in Germany, what can we say about the geography of community? An output of modernity is greater and greater choice placed upon the individual the social networks and systems that suited hundreds if not thousands of generations are breaking down in raise of personal choice and individual responsibility.No longer do we unaccompanied rely on t he social bulwarks of the prehistorical the family, the community, the nation. Life is continually being personalized. Can the Spaniard still be called one while living in Germany? Absentee ballots opened up the way for expatriates to vote while living in another country. The Internet may carry this several steps further. Voting is not limited by time or station you can be anywhere in the world and still make voting decisions back home. more or less of our nations history has been bound up in equating geography with sovereignty. It did matter where you lived, worked, played.Since travel was expensive and cumbersome, our lives were tied to geography. No longer can we entirely make this claim. Thompson (1996), writing in the Stanford fairness Review, suggests that we can do away with residency and voting in local elections. Frug (1996) even suggests that alienation in the way we regard our geography already creates a disconnect between it and sovereignty. If we are not entirely home at home, do boundaries make any difference anymore? This is not just an academician question, but one rife with rich and disheartening social and political possibilities. Global citizens float within, outside and through these boundaries.The implications seem significant. Many elements seem to spawn global citizenship, but one is noteworthy in this discussion the continuous tension that globalization has unleashed between various forces local, national and global. An interesting paradox of globalization is while the world is being internationalized at the same time its also being localized. The world shrinks as the local community (village, town, city) takes on greater and greater magnificence. Mosco (1999) noted this feature and saw the growing importance of technopoles, or high-technologized city-states that hark back to classical Greece.If this trend is true, and I believe it is, then it seems global citizens are the glue that may hold these bankrupt entities together. Pu t another way, global citizens are people that can travel within these various layers or boundaries and somehow still make sense of the world. 4. each rights and obligations conformanceed to the global citizen come from the citizens themselves, growing public estimate for universal rights, the rise of people migrating around the world, and an increasing vogue to standardize citizenship.Difference may exist on the cultural level, but in bureaucracies, increasing favor is placed on uniformity. Efficiency and utilitarianism lie at the core of capitalism naturally a world that lives under its aegis replicates these tendencies. Postal agreements, civil air travel and other inter-governmental agreements are but one small example of standardization that is increasingly moving into the arena of citizenship. The concern is raised that global citizenship may be closer to a consumer model than a legal one. The lack of a world body puts the initiative upon global citizens themselves to crea te rights nd obligations. Rights and obligations as they arose at the formation of nation-states (e. g. the right to vote and obligation to serve in time of war) are at the verge of being expanded. So new concepts that accord certain human rights which arose in the 20th century are increasingly being universalized across nations and governments. This is the result of many factors, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations in 1948, the aftermath of orb struggle II and the Holocaust and growing sentiments towards legitimizing marginalized peoples (e. . pre-industrialized peoples found in the jungles of Brazil and Borneo). Couple this with growing awareness of our species impact on the environment, and there is the rising feeling that citizen rights may extend to include the right to dignity and self-determination. If national citizenship does not foster these new rights, then global citizenship seems more accessible to them. One cannot overestimate th e importance of the rise of human rights discourse within the radar of public opinion. What are the rights and obligations of human beings trapped in conflicts?Or, incarcerated as part of ethnic cleansing? Equally striking, are the pre-industrialized tribes newly discovered by scientists living in the depths of dense jungle? Leary (1999), Heater (1999) and Babcock (1994) tend to equate these rights with the rise of global citizenship as prescriptive associations, indicating a national citizenship model that is more closed and a global citizenship one that is more elastic and inclusive. If true, this places a strain in the relationship between national and global citizenship.Boli (1998) tends to see this strain as mutually beneficial, whereas Leary (1999) and McNeely (1998) regard the rupture between the two systems as merely evolutionary rather than combative. same much of social change, changing scopes of modern citizenship tend to be played out in both large and minute spheres. Habermas (1994) tends to place global citizenship in a larger, social context, arguing that nation-states can be central engines of citizenship but culture can also be a powerful spurt.He regards the formation of the European citizen as a kind of natural epiphany of governmental conglomeration within the forces of globalization, only remotely alluding to the somatic conglomeration that has been both the recipient and cause of worldwide economic expansion. Others, including Iyer (2000) see globalization and global citizens as direct descendents of global standardization, which he notes, for instance, in the growing homogeneity of airports. Standardization and modernity have worked together for the past few centuries.Ellul (1964), Mumford (1963) and other scholars attack this as a form of oppression, in the same nervure that Barber (1996) saw the proliferation of carbon-copy fast-food chains around the globe. Why not a set of basic citizen rights followed the world over? 5. Global citizenship may be the indirect result of Pax Americana. The 20th century, as well as the 21st, may be a time dominated by the United States. Americas domination of the WTO, IMF, World Bank and other global institutions creates feelings of imperialism among lesser nations.Cross national cooperation to counter American ascendency may result in more global citizens. If economic, environmental, political and social factors push towards more global citizenry, we must also within this camp consider the ramifications of the post cold war world, or realpolitik. Modifying marshalls metaphor, we may ask if global citizenship is not a response to the changing factors and response against American domination? In the embodied world, conglomeration leads to larger and larger companies who merge to effectively work against other mega corporations. The evolution of the UnitedStates of Europe (in theory if not in practice) is in a similar vein a reaction to the dominating power of the U. S. Other regional alliances may yet emerge. Within such trans-national ties may emerge greater acceptance of one anothers citizens, emulating the European model which Habermas, Bellamy (2000), and others so favor. These alliances may provide the bureaucratic backbone to make global citizenry about more than just lifestyles or personal politics. This development would also change the definition of national citizenry global citizens may come to favor their status over those who have no such designation.Worse, there may emerge two tracks of citizenship national and global, with the latter being more prestigious. Along with greater separation between rich and poor, meliorate and not, there would also be those relegated to living out their entire lives in one land, compared to those who freely travel to many. The darker aspects of this are not hard to miss. Clarkes (1996) contention that citizenship tends to be more exclusive than inclusive would be borne out. Rather than McNeelys (1998) flexib le citizenship, or Prestons (1997) multiple loyalty model, we get two separate tracks of citizenship that respond to prestige, wealth and power.Global citizens may be so favored that nations fight to attract them to their land, similar to todays fight for corporate sites. Conclusion To concretize what appears an amorphous concept global citizenship presents dangers, not least of which is the tendency towards speculation. Spending some time at an airport, especially one of the many airline commonplace flyer lounges, reveals that global citizens exist and are a growing number. Within my own Greek immigrant community in Seattle, for example, there are several Greeks who split the year living between Greece and the U.S. I am hard pressed to call them either Greeks or Americans, since they do not fit neatly into either category (not that most ever do). Higher living standards than ever before in civilizations history allow these dualities to exist. Increasingly, we put them into the c amp of global citizenship. Capitalism, and the consumeristic child it has spawned, is particularly good at religious offering choices, and global citizenship may obviously be another facet of this tendency, or what Bennett (unpublished, 2001) and other allude to as lifestyle politics.Any discussion on global citizenship thus must take into account the changing political climate of a globalized world. Scholars have already noted the emerging power struggle between corporations and global activists who increasingly see the nexus of de facto governance taking place more and more within the corporate world (and as mediated by communication technologies like the Internet) and not in the halls of representative government. Hence, the tendency on the part of activists to promote rallies and events like the protests at WTO, as more effective means of citizen intimacy and democratic accountability.The rise of security concerns as a result of the terrorist attacks of September 11 have par ticularly both grown the importance of national states as well fostered more internationalism. U. S. President George W. Bush who during his election had difficulty remembering the names of heads of states has suddenly transformed into an internationalist with deep concerns for the affairs of other states. While this may be a temporary event with political overtones, the events of 9/11 suggest that the world has become more international than ever before.Whether global citizenship will follow in its wake is problematical. It is simply too early to tell. The role that global citizenship plays in this changing political landscape is a squa shy one. Yet the fact that there is a growing body of global citizens and their influence is increasingly felt on the worlds political stage indicates the need to observe and study these individuals in earnest. The exertion to begin developing a definition of global citizenship is a small step towards understanding their bearing and influence bet ter. iA case can be made to add academics, sports and artists in categories, but I shy away from this since their overall numbers tend to be small, if not limited. The world it seems can only yield so many traveling artists and sport stars, and so a ceiling may be placed on their populations. Also, some concern is raised here regarding other globalists, such as those working for the UN, for example, but again, I tend to shy away from their categorization since their numbers can never expand beyond a limited population (given the resources of the organization, etc. . 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